Optimal stimulus duration in the anterior and posterior muscle as a function of cycle frequency at three experimental temperatures in T. semifasciata and I. oxyrinchus
. | . | Stimulus duration (ms) . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | . | 15°C . | . | . | 20°C . | . | . | 25°C/28°C* . | . | . | ||||||||
Species . | f(Hz) . | ANT . | POST . | P . | ANT . | POST . | P . | ANT . | POST . | P . | ||||||||
Leopard shark | 3 | 25 (1) | 50 (1) | 100±0 (3) | 87±17 (4) | 0.39 | ||||||||||||
2 | 62±13 (6) | 61±13 (6) | 0.96 | 93±13 (7) | 88±14 (7) | 0.72 | 127±21 (5) | 150±18 (6) | 0.44 | |||||||||
1.5 | 133±25 (6) | 150±22 (6) | 0.63 | 193±17 (7) | 192±17 (7) | 1.0 | 200±32 (5) | 242±20 (6) | 0.30 | |||||||||
1 | 248±20 (6) | 322±61 (6) | 0.23 | 275±18 (7) | 293±20 (7) | 0.52 | 300±35 (5) | 342±27 (6) | 0.38 | |||||||||
0.5 | 475±57 (6) | 517±60 (6) | 0.62 | 532±54 (7) | 586±52 (7) | 0.49 | 435±100 (5) | 613±86 (6) | 0.21 | |||||||||
0.25 | 500±41 (3) | 600±58 (3) | 0.49 | 675±22 (4) | 700±73 (6) | 0.76 | 550±100 (2) | 800 (1) | ||||||||||
Mako shark | 3 | 82±9 (6) | 58±12 (5) | 0.16 | ||||||||||||||
2 | 44±4 (7) | 34±5 (6) | 0.16 | 56±7 (9) | 73±9 (8) | 0.15 | 146±21 (6) | 150±16 (5) | 0.88 | |||||||||
1.5 | 52±9 (7) | 61±12 (6) | 0.56 | 125±16 (9) | 137±23 (8) | 0.87 | 214±21 (6) | 254±10 (5) | 0.22 | |||||||||
1 | 103±28 (7) | 64±12 (6) | 0.17 | 246±19 (9) | 273±18 (8) | 0.31 | 350±32 (5) | 315±10 (5) | 0.34 | |||||||||
0.5 | 293±73 (7) | 263±56 (6) | 0.74 | 439±25 (9) | 453±35 (8) | 0.75 | 525±25 (4) | |||||||||||
0.25 | 543±38 (7) | 520±58 (5) | 0.75 | 600 (1) | 650±150 (2) |
. | . | Stimulus duration (ms) . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | . | 15°C . | . | . | 20°C . | . | . | 25°C/28°C* . | . | . | ||||||||
Species . | f(Hz) . | ANT . | POST . | P . | ANT . | POST . | P . | ANT . | POST . | P . | ||||||||
Leopard shark | 3 | 25 (1) | 50 (1) | 100±0 (3) | 87±17 (4) | 0.39 | ||||||||||||
2 | 62±13 (6) | 61±13 (6) | 0.96 | 93±13 (7) | 88±14 (7) | 0.72 | 127±21 (5) | 150±18 (6) | 0.44 | |||||||||
1.5 | 133±25 (6) | 150±22 (6) | 0.63 | 193±17 (7) | 192±17 (7) | 1.0 | 200±32 (5) | 242±20 (6) | 0.30 | |||||||||
1 | 248±20 (6) | 322±61 (6) | 0.23 | 275±18 (7) | 293±20 (7) | 0.52 | 300±35 (5) | 342±27 (6) | 0.38 | |||||||||
0.5 | 475±57 (6) | 517±60 (6) | 0.62 | 532±54 (7) | 586±52 (7) | 0.49 | 435±100 (5) | 613±86 (6) | 0.21 | |||||||||
0.25 | 500±41 (3) | 600±58 (3) | 0.49 | 675±22 (4) | 700±73 (6) | 0.76 | 550±100 (2) | 800 (1) | ||||||||||
Mako shark | 3 | 82±9 (6) | 58±12 (5) | 0.16 | ||||||||||||||
2 | 44±4 (7) | 34±5 (6) | 0.16 | 56±7 (9) | 73±9 (8) | 0.15 | 146±21 (6) | 150±16 (5) | 0.88 | |||||||||
1.5 | 52±9 (7) | 61±12 (6) | 0.56 | 125±16 (9) | 137±23 (8) | 0.87 | 214±21 (6) | 254±10 (5) | 0.22 | |||||||||
1 | 103±28 (7) | 64±12 (6) | 0.17 | 246±19 (9) | 273±18 (8) | 0.31 | 350±32 (5) | 315±10 (5) | 0.34 | |||||||||
0.5 | 293±73 (7) | 263±56 (6) | 0.74 | 439±25 (9) | 453±35 (8) | 0.75 | 525±25 (4) | |||||||||||
0.25 | 543±38 (7) | 520±58 (5) | 0.75 | 600 (1) | 650±150 (2) |
f, cycle frequency; ANT, anterior; POST, posterior.
Values are means ± s.e.m. Number of muscle bundles shown in parentheses.
All pairwise comparisons indicate no significant difference between stimulus duration for anterior and posterior muscle from both leopard and mako sharks at each temperature (P values are shown for anterior—posterior comparisons within each species at each temperature/tailbeat combination).
25°C, leopard shark; 28°C, mako shark.