Results of two-way ANOVAs
| . | Least-squares means . | . | . | Least-squares means . | . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Forelimb (N=31) . | Hindlimb (N=29) . | P-value . | Rough (N=32) . | Smooth (N=28) . | P-value . | ||
| Peak Fshear (BW units) | 1.13±0.10 | 1.40±0.10 | 0.3116 | 1.19±0.10 | 1.33±0.10 | 0.1891 | ||
| Median Fshear (BW units) | 0.81±0.06 | 0.70±0.06 | 0.2633 | 0.68±0.06 | 0.83±0.06 | 0.1350 | ||
| Peak Fnormal (BW units) | 0.55±0.02 | 0.32±0.02 | 0.0001 | 0.47±0.02 | 0.40±0.02 | 0.4273 | ||
| Median Fnormal (BW units) | 0.43±0.02 | 0.23±0.02 | <0.0001 | 0.37±0.01 | 0.30±0.02 | 0.2769 | ||
| Peak μreq | 4.8±0.7 | 9.1±0.8 | 0.0358 | 6.8±0.7 | 7.3±0.8 | 0.6651 | ||
| Median μreq | 2.1±0.3 | 3.7±0.3 | 0.0999 | 2.6±0.3 | 3.2±0.3 | 0.3162 | ||
| θ (deg.) | 63±3 | 42±3 | 0.0393 | 55±3 | 50±3 | 0.5879 | ||
| Duty factor (% of stride duration) | 66±1 | 64±1 | 0.0002 | 61±1 | 69±1 | 0.4161 | ||
| . | Least-squares means . | . | . | Least-squares means . | . | . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Forelimb (N=31) . | Hindlimb (N=29) . | P-value . | Rough (N=32) . | Smooth (N=28) . | P-value . | ||
| Peak Fshear (BW units) | 1.13±0.10 | 1.40±0.10 | 0.3116 | 1.19±0.10 | 1.33±0.10 | 0.1891 | ||
| Median Fshear (BW units) | 0.81±0.06 | 0.70±0.06 | 0.2633 | 0.68±0.06 | 0.83±0.06 | 0.1350 | ||
| Peak Fnormal (BW units) | 0.55±0.02 | 0.32±0.02 | 0.0001 | 0.47±0.02 | 0.40±0.02 | 0.4273 | ||
| Median Fnormal (BW units) | 0.43±0.02 | 0.23±0.02 | <0.0001 | 0.37±0.01 | 0.30±0.02 | 0.2769 | ||
| Peak μreq | 4.8±0.7 | 9.1±0.8 | 0.0358 | 6.8±0.7 | 7.3±0.8 | 0.6651 | ||
| Median μreq | 2.1±0.3 | 3.7±0.3 | 0.0999 | 2.6±0.3 | 3.2±0.3 | 0.3162 | ||
| θ (deg.) | 63±3 | 42±3 | 0.0393 | 55±3 | 50±3 | 0.5879 | ||
| Duty factor (% of stride duration) | 66±1 | 64±1 | 0.0002 | 61±1 | 69±1 | 0.4161 | ||
Means ± s.e.m. are provided for each group. Interaction was never significant (P≥0.081). Abbreviations: Fshear, shear force; Fnormal, normal force; μreq, required coefficient of friction; θ, angle formed by normal force vector and a horizontal line passing through the long axis of the branch trackway (also see Fig. 1)