Power functions of kinematic parameters against body mass, flight speed or wing beat frequency
| Parameter . | Equation . | Number of observations . | Power function . | R2 . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wing beat frequency f | (10) | 115 | 14.8V−0.277 | 0.288 | <0.001 × 10−6 |
| Pregnant bat, slow speed | (11) | 16 | 18.5V−0.393 | 0.340 | <0.01 |
| Pregnant bat, slower speeds | (12) | 14 | 12.7V0.007 | 0.0002 | =0.84 |
| Stroke plane angle α | (13) | 29 | 44.8V0.297 | 0.631 | <0.001 × 10−3 |
| (14) | 29 | 184f−0.438 | 0.685 | <0.001 × 10−3 | |
| Wing stroke amplitude Θ | (15) | 24 | 67.1V0.174 | 0.146 | =0.035 |
| (16) | 24 | 135f−0.204 | 0.081 | =0.16 | |
| Wingtip excursion a | (17) | 24 | 0.095V0.137 | 0.132 | =0.048 |
| (18) | 24 | 0.164f−0.158 | 0.071 | =0.20 | |
| Strouhal number St | (19) | 24 | 1.93V−1.37 | 0.869 | <0.001 × 10−4 |
| Span ratio SR | (20) | 17 | 0.588V−0.0216 | 0.002 | =0.86 |
| (21) | 17 | 1.55f−0.397 | 0.247 | =0.037 | |
| Downstroke ratio τ | (22) | 22 | 0.634V−0.179 | 0.099 | =0.18 |
| Parameter . | Equation . | Number of observations . | Power function . | R2 . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wing beat frequency f | (10) | 115 | 14.8V−0.277 | 0.288 | <0.001 × 10−6 |
| Pregnant bat, slow speed | (11) | 16 | 18.5V−0.393 | 0.340 | <0.01 |
| Pregnant bat, slower speeds | (12) | 14 | 12.7V0.007 | 0.0002 | =0.84 |
| Stroke plane angle α | (13) | 29 | 44.8V0.297 | 0.631 | <0.001 × 10−3 |
| (14) | 29 | 184f−0.438 | 0.685 | <0.001 × 10−3 | |
| Wing stroke amplitude Θ | (15) | 24 | 67.1V0.174 | 0.146 | =0.035 |
| (16) | 24 | 135f−0.204 | 0.081 | =0.16 | |
| Wingtip excursion a | (17) | 24 | 0.095V0.137 | 0.132 | =0.048 |
| (18) | 24 | 0.164f−0.158 | 0.071 | =0.20 | |
| Strouhal number St | (19) | 24 | 1.93V−1.37 | 0.869 | <0.001 × 10−4 |
| Span ratio SR | (20) | 17 | 0.588V−0.0216 | 0.002 | =0.86 |
| (21) | 17 | 1.55f−0.397 | 0.247 | =0.037 | |
| Downstroke ratio τ | (22) | 22 | 0.634V−0.179 | 0.099 | =0.18 |
Mb, body mass (kg); V, flight speed (m s−1), f, wingbeat frequency.