The Company of Biologists

Table 2.

GSK-3 inhibitors

Drug type	Specific drug examples	Mode of action	Clinical effects/effects in cell culture	Reference
Aloisines	Aloisine A, Aloisine B	ATP-competitive	Inhibits cell proliferation	Mettey et al., 2003
Beryllium	N/A	Competes for Mg²⁺ and ATP	No data	Ryves et al., 2002
Bivalent zinc	N/A	Undetermined; does not compete for substrate	Insulin-mimetic	Ilouz et al., 2002
Hymenialdisine	Dibromo-hymenialdisine	ATP-competitive	Suppresses inflammation; inhibits tau phosphorylation	Breton and Chabot-Fletcher,1997; Meijer et al.,2000
Indirubins	5.5′-dibromo-indirubin	ATP-competitive	Anti-mitotic; anti-tumoural; inhibits tau phosphorylation	Damiens et al., 2001; Leclerc et al., 2001
Lithium	N/A	Competes for Mg²⁺	Mood stabilization; prevents polyglutamine toxicity in Huntington's disease	Carmichael et al., 2002; Klein and Melton, 1996; Ryves and Harwood, 2001; Stambolic et al., 1996
Maleimides	Ro 31-8220, SB-216763, SB-415286	ATP-competitive	Insulin-mimetic; prevention of death in culture neuronal	Coghlan et al., 2000; Cross et al., 2001; Hers et al., 1999; Lochhead et al., 2001; Smith et al., 2001
Muscarinic agonists	AF102B, AF150	Unclear	Inhibits tau phosphorylation	Forlenza et al., 2000
N/A, non-applicable.

Drug type	Specific drug examples	Mode of action	Clinical effects/effects in cell culture	Reference
Aloisines	Aloisine A, Aloisine B	ATP-competitive	Inhibits cell proliferation	Mettey et al., 2003
Beryllium	N/A	Competes for Mg²⁺ and ATP	No data	Ryves et al., 2002
Bivalent zinc	N/A	Undetermined; does not compete for substrate	Insulin-mimetic	Ilouz et al., 2002
Hymenialdisine	Dibromo-hymenialdisine	ATP-competitive	Suppresses inflammation; inhibits tau phosphorylation	Breton and Chabot-Fletcher,1997; Meijer et al.,2000
Indirubins	5.5′-dibromo-indirubin	ATP-competitive	Anti-mitotic; anti-tumoural; inhibits tau phosphorylation	Damiens et al., 2001; Leclerc et al., 2001
Lithium	N/A	Competes for Mg²⁺	Mood stabilization; prevents polyglutamine toxicity in Huntington's disease	Carmichael et al., 2002; Klein and Melton, 1996; Ryves and Harwood, 2001; Stambolic et al., 1996
Maleimides	Ro 31-8220, SB-216763, SB-415286	ATP-competitive	Insulin-mimetic; prevention of death in culture neuronal	Coghlan et al., 2000; Cross et al., 2001; Hers et al., 1999; Lochhead et al., 2001; Smith et al., 2001
Muscarinic agonists	AF102B, AF150	Unclear	Inhibits tau phosphorylation	Forlenza et al., 2000
N/A, non-applicable.