Foraging-dependent physiological classification of bees
| Phenotype | Foraging duration ≥5 days | Foraging duration ≥15 days |
| Wingwear | Intact wings | Worn wings |
| Hair coat | Dense on thorax and head | Hairless patches on thorax and head |
| Head capsule tissue | Hypertrophied hypopharyngeal glands | Atrophied hypopharyngeal glands |
| Phenotype | Foraging duration ≥5 days | Foraging duration ≥15 days |
| Wingwear | Intact wings | Worn wings |
| Hair coat | Dense on thorax and head | Hairless patches on thorax and head |
| Head capsule tissue | Hypertrophied hypopharyngeal glands | Atrophied hypopharyngeal glands |
Bees caught after different foraging durations (≥5 days and ≥15 days) were characterized based on wing wear, gland size and hair coat. This classification provided a framework of physiological markers for subsequent sample collections.