The Company of Biologists

Table 1.

Comparisons of empirical data against the model predictions

Model	Observed mass scaling exponent^{^*}(N)	Pvalue^{^†}	Mean log₁₀ difference between data and dimensional analysis prediction^{^‡}
Running velocity	0.17±0.014 (98)	NS
Friction=air			–0.19±0.22
Friction=ground			0.80±0.22
Flying velocity	0.13±0.010 (72)	<0.05	0.133±0.14
Swimming velocity	0.19±0.023 (27)	NS	–0.06±0.28
Running stride frequency	–0.19±0.020 (11)	NS
Friction=air			–1.26±0.11
Friction=ground			–0.26±0.11
Flying wing beat frequency	–0.26±0.015 (77)	<0.001	–1.18±0.23
Swimming stroke frequency	–0.14±0.01 (27)	<0.05	–0.14±0.15
Running force	1.12±0.08 (4)	NS	–0.30±0.23
Flying force	0.93±0.011 (166)	<0.001	0.026±0.14
Swimming force	1.03±0.07 (8)	NS	0.16±0.09

Model	Observed mass scaling exponent^{^*}(N)	Pvalue^{^†}	Mean log₁₀ difference between data and dimensional analysis prediction^{^‡}
Running velocity	0.17±0.014 (98)	NS
Friction=air			–0.19±0.22
Friction=ground			0.80±0.22
Flying velocity	0.13±0.010 (72)	<0.05	0.133±0.14
Swimming velocity	0.19±0.023 (27)	NS	–0.06±0.28
Running stride frequency	–0.19±0.020 (11)	NS
Friction=air			–1.26±0.11
Friction=ground			–0.26±0.11
Flying wing beat frequency	–0.26±0.015 (77)	<0.001	–1.18±0.23
Swimming stroke frequency	–0.14±0.01 (27)	<0.05	–0.14±0.15
Running force	1.12±0.08 (4)	NS	–0.30±0.23
Flying force	0.93±0.011 (166)	<0.001	0.026±0.14
Swimming force	1.03±0.07 (8)	NS	0.16±0.09

Data sources are indicated in the legend of Fig. 2.

Estimated from the slopes of log₁₀ transformed least-squares regressions; mean ± s.e.m.

P values are given for t-test of scaling exponent vs 0.167 or –0.167. NS, not significant

Mean ± s.d.