Summary of protective roles of counteracting solutes through stabilization of macromolecules and membranes
| Stabilising property . | Counteracting solutes in nature . |
|---|---|
| Counteract urea inhibition | Methylamines, especially TMAO (e.g. shark) |
| Increase thermostability | Trehalose, anionic polyols (e.g. vent archaeon) |
| Protect membranes in freezing | Trehalose; proline (e.g. frozen insect) |
| Preserve in dry state | Carbohydrates, especially trehalose (e.g. dried yeast) |
| Counteract inorganic ion inhibition | Methylamines (e.g. salt marsh plant) |
| Counteract hydrostatic pressure | TMAO; other solutes? (e.g. deep-sea fish) |
| Stabilising property . | Counteracting solutes in nature . |
|---|---|
| Counteract urea inhibition | Methylamines, especially TMAO (e.g. shark) |
| Increase thermostability | Trehalose, anionic polyols (e.g. vent archaeon) |
| Protect membranes in freezing | Trehalose; proline (e.g. frozen insect) |
| Preserve in dry state | Carbohydrates, especially trehalose (e.g. dried yeast) |
| Counteract inorganic ion inhibition | Methylamines (e.g. salt marsh plant) |
| Counteract hydrostatic pressure | TMAO; other solutes? (e.g. deep-sea fish) |