Milestones in the acquisition of coordinate regulation of glycolytic enzyme genes by hypoxia
| BYA . | Period . | Organism . | Regulator . | Element . | Response . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 | Archea1 | Therm/S-Bacteria | Carbohydrate | cre/ccpA | Global |
| Sulfur/Phosphate | ? | Global | |||
| 1.0 | Vendian2 | Fungi/Yeast | Carbohydrate | GCR1 | Key enzymes |
| Hypoxia/Anoxia | LORE: ACTCAACAA | Key enzymes | |||
| Hypoxia (Repression) | ROX-1: CCATTGTTCTC | ||||
| HAP1: CGGN6CGG | |||||
| 0.6 | Devonian3 | Higher plants | Hypoxia/anoxia (Other stress) | HREs TGGTTT GC(G/C)CC ACGTG | Key enzymes |
| 0.4 | Silurian4 | Fish/Insects | Hypoxia | HRE/HIF-1α ACGTG | Coordinate |
| 0 | Cambrian | Animals/Mammals | Hypoxia | HRE/HIF-1/Ap-1/Sp1 ACGTG TGATTC GC(G/C)GC | Coordinate |
| BYA . | Period . | Organism . | Regulator . | Element . | Response . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.5 | Archea1 | Therm/S-Bacteria | Carbohydrate | cre/ccpA | Global |
| Sulfur/Phosphate | ? | Global | |||
| 1.0 | Vendian2 | Fungi/Yeast | Carbohydrate | GCR1 | Key enzymes |
| Hypoxia/Anoxia | LORE: ACTCAACAA | Key enzymes | |||
| Hypoxia (Repression) | ROX-1: CCATTGTTCTC | ||||
| HAP1: CGGN6CGG | |||||
| 0.6 | Devonian3 | Higher plants | Hypoxia/anoxia (Other stress) | HREs TGGTTT GC(G/C)CC ACGTG | Key enzymes |
| 0.4 | Silurian4 | Fish/Insects | Hypoxia | HRE/HIF-1α ACGTG | Coordinate |
| 0 | Cambrian | Animals/Mammals | Hypoxia | HRE/HIF-1/Ap-1/Sp1 ACGTG TGATTC GC(G/C)GC | Coordinate |
BYA is billion years ago.
Strictly anaerobic organisms in the Archean period developed sophisticated pathways for substrate regulation of bioenergetic enzyme gene expression,including regulation by sulfur and phosphorus.
The Vendian organisms are representative of the transition to oxidative metabolism and include the first examples of oxygen-regulated gene switching.
The Devonian period includes the first example of anaerobic response elements in glycolytic enzyme genes, including regulation by the sequence element ACGT that binds factor HIF-1α in higher animals (but not plants).
Contemporaty pathways that coordinate glycolytic enzyme gene expression in response to hypoxia probably originated in the Silurian period, coincident with multicellularity and metabolic compartmentation.