.... Competing interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. 29 5 2013 18 9 2013 © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2014 Asynchronous muscle Work loops Insect flight Wing stroke amplitude Wing beat frequency Muscle tension Muscle stiffness...

...John D. Altringham; Barbara A. Block ABSTRACT It has been hypothesised that regional endothermy has evolved in the muscle of some tunas to enhance the locomotory performance of the fish by increasing muscle power output. Using the work loop technique, we have determined the relationship between...

... locomotion kinematics power output temperature swimming work loops Antarctic rock cod Notothenia coriiceps Antarctic fish live in contact with ice and show a range of adaptations to avoid freezing ( Clarke and Johnston, 1996 ). Muscle fibres in Antarctic fish remain excitable at an ambient...

...Joanne Layland; Iain S. Young; John D. Altringham ABSTRACT The work loop technique was used to examine the effects of adrenaline on the mechanics of cardiac muscle contraction in vitro . The length for maximum active force ( L max ) and net work production ( L opt ) for rat papillary muscles...

...Joanne Layland; Iain S. Young; John D. Altringham ABSTRACT The influence of length on work production was investigated for rat papillary muscles using the work loop technique. Active and passive length–force relationships were first determined under isometric conditions and the length for maximum...

...Joanne Layland; Iain S. Young; John D. Altringham ABSTRACT Papillary muscles were isolated from the right ventricles of rats and the length for maximum active force generation ( L max ) was determined isometrically. The work loop technique was used to derive the length for maximum work production...

... The Company of Biologists Limited 1995 locomotion mammals muscle sarcomere length tendon work loops mouse The work loop technique ( Josephson, 1985 ) is used to simulate in vitro the conditions under which muscles operate in vivo . Most of this research is related to animal locomotion...

...Rob S. James; John D. Altringham; David F. Goldspink ABSTRACT The mechanical properties of soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from the mouse were studied using the work loop technique. Under optimum conditions, the EDL produced a maximum mean power output of 107 W kg -1 at a cycle...