.... Locomotion Biomechanics Wingbeat frequency Kinematics Birds Office of Naval Research http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000006 MURI N000141010952 National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001 IOS-1253276 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill http...

..., wingbeat frequency, and flight and resting metabolic rates of workers could predict the trait values of queens that were more than fourfold larger. Flight success of queens decreased over time in part because of a large increase in body mass and a decrease in traits linked with flight, namely wingbeat...

..., their median peak-to-peak dorsal body (DB) acceleration and median DB amplitude also increased. This, in turn, led to higher airspeeds, suggesting that birds fly slower when traversing unfamiliar terrain. By contrast, after route efficiency stabilised, birds exhibited increasing wingbeat frequencies, which did...

...Charles-A. Darveau; Fannie Billardon; Kasandra Bélanger The evolution of flight energetics requires that phenotypes be variable, repeatable and heritable. We studied intraspecific variation in flight energetics in order to assess the repeatability of flight metabolic rate and wingbeat frequency...

... mean maximum lift was not significantly different from that required to support body mass (95±8%), mean wingbeat frequency was 23.7±0.6 Hz, and mean stroke amplitude was 105±5 deg in the forewing and 96±5 deg in the hindwing – all of which are close to free-flight values. Instead, the low cost...

...Douglas L. Altshuler; Kenneth C. Welch, Jr; Brian H. Cho; Danny B. Welch; Amy F. Lin; William B. Dickson; Michael H. Dickinson SUMMARY Hummingbirds can maintain the highest wingbeat frequencies of any flying vertebrate – a feat accomplished by the large pectoral muscles that power the wing strokes...

... to flight mechanical theory, wingbeat frequency and air speed should increase with decreasing air density, i.e. increasing flight altitude. Although wind tunnel experiments have shed light on many aspects of avian flight, the effect of air density remained ambiguous, because air density could...

... to 1065 mg, was found to strongly affect hovering flight mass-specific metabolic rates, which ranged from 114 ml CO 2 h -1 g -1 in small species to 37 ml CO 2 h -1 g -1 in large species. Similar variation of wingbeat frequency in hovering flight occurred among small to large species, and ranged from 250...

... loss, wingbeat frequency, body segment temperatures and behavior of honeybees flying in transparent containment outdoors. For periods of voluntary, uninterrupted, self-sustaining flight, metabolic rate was independent of air temperature between 19 and 37°C. Thorax temperatures( T th ) were very stable...

... amplitude substantially and increased wingbeat frequency slightly. In the second experiment, we maintained constant air density but decreased oxygen partial pressure. Under these normodense but hypoxic conditions, hummingbirds did not alter stroke amplitude but instead reduced wingbeat frequency until...

...C. J. Pennycuick SUMMARY Sixteen species of birds passing Falsterbo in southwest Sweden during the autumn migration season were observed using short-range optical methods. Air speeds and wingbeat frequencies were measured, reduced to sea level, and compared with benchmark values computed...

... that their wingbeat frequencies could be determined by viewing them through a shutter stroboscope. When flying at a constant air speed, the teal’s wingbeat frequency varied with the 0.364 power of the body mass and the thrush nightingale’s varied with the 0.430 power. Both exponents differed from zero, but neither...

...C. J. Pennycuick ABSTRACT Wingbeat frequencies of 15 species of birds, observed in the field in level, cruising flight were compared with predicted frequencies, calculated according to the formula derived from an earlier sample of 32 species. All of the data were collected by the author, using...

...James M. Wakeling; Jennifer Hodgson 28 4 1992 © 1992 by Company of Biologists 1992 Sterna albifrons Sterna hirundo Sterna sandvicensis airspeed wingbeat frequency Studies of the mechanical performance of birds during flight are rarely accomplished with wild birds...

... for aphids, 1·74-5·23X 10 –3 gcm –2 for whiteflies). Members of the two families are also separated in terms of wingbeat frequency (range 81·1-123·4Hz for aphids, 165·6–224·2 Hz for whiteflies). Since our animals were much smaller than any insects examined previously for these parameters, values were...

... regulation evaporative water loss heart rate respiratory rate respiratory rate wingbeat frequency endurance Wind tunnels have been used to make physiological measurements on at least six species of flying birds, but this approach has been used less extensively on bats. Physiological...