...R. D. Bullen; N. L. McKenzie SUMMARY Wingbeat frequency (f w) and amplitude(θ w) were measured for 23 species of Australian bat,representing two sub-orders and six families. Maximum values were between 4 and 13 Hz for f w , and between 90 and 150° forθ w , depending on the species. Wingbeat...

... their wingbeat kinematics among these phases and frequently exhibited non-flapping phases while decelerating. Such modulation in kinematics during forward flight is typical of magpies but not of pigeons in the wild. The behavior of the pigeons may have been a response to the reduced power costs for flight...

..., Louisville, KY 40205, U.S.A. 26 10 1983 © 1984 by Company of Biologists 1984 Aerodynamics dragonflies flight wingbeat phase relationships Some insects in more primitive orders, such as locusts, maintain a fixed phase relationship between their forewings and hindwings...