... per flight), resulted in decreased flight speeds and increased rates of body rotation (yaw). Wing and body collisions, but not leg collisions, were more likely to occur in wind versus still air. Thus, physical encounters with obstacles may be a frequent occurrence for insects flying in some...

...Stacey A. Combes; Nick Gravish; Susan F. Gagliardi ABSTRACT Foraging insects fly over long distances through complex aerial environments, and many can maintain constant ground speeds in wind, allowing them to gauge flight distance. Although insects encounter winds from all directions in the wild...

... expenditure and safety. Air-brake Wind Kinematics Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004794 Rennes University Flight is a locomotion mode which deeply influences the anatomy and behaviour of many bird species ( Norberg, 1990...

... by local vertical winds ( Hedenström and Alerstam, 1994 ; Nisbet, 1962 ; Piersma et al., 1997 ). Contrary to our predictions, and the assumption often made by optimal migration models (e.g. Alerstam, 1985 ; Pennycuick, 1969 ), the majority of descents were performed by active flight and the nightjars...

..., are these reaction norms themselves consistent over time, i.e. repeatable? Here, we quantified individual baseline glucocorticoid responses in house sparrows, Passer domesticus , to sequential manipulations of temperature, wind speed and food unpredictability that were repeated in discrete blocks of sampling under...

... ambient temperatures, increasing the risk of hyperthermia. Exposure to wind, a pervasive environmental factor for most terrestrial animals, is known to increase heat loss, but its effects on the reproductive performance of small mammals remains unclear. In the present study, the effects of wind...

...Tyson L. Hedrick; Cécile Pichot; Emmanuel de Margerie ABSTRACT Although the biomechanics of animal flight have been well studied in laboratory apparatus such as wind tunnels for many years, the applicability of these data to natural flight behaviour has been examined in few instances and mostly...

..., suggesting that the vibrissae may play a role in anemotaxis. Whisker Trigeminal Flow-sensing Wind Anemotaxis Anemotaxic behavior Wind following With the exception of a few species, the faces of therian mammals are covered in vibrissae (whiskers), typically arranged on the cheek...

..., low speed). Overall dynamic body acceleration, calculated from acceleration data, was used as a proxy for energy expenditure during flight. The impact of windscape characteristics (wind force and direction) upon flight costs was also tested. Energy expenditure of northern gannets was higher during...

... challenged freely walking virgin male cockroaches, Periplaneta americana , to track plumes of airborne female pheromone and then video-recorded and analyzed their responses as the odor plume and wind were independently manipulated. Plume tracking males that experienced the total loss of directional air flow...

...Judy Shamoun-Baranes; Emiel van Loon; Felix Liechti; Willem Bouten SUMMARY How flying organisms alter their air speed in response to wind is important in theories of flight energetics. Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between air and wind as a function of ground speed and air...

...Jeffrey D. Triblehorn; David D. Yager SUMMARY The wind-sensitive cercal system, well-known for mediating terrestrial escape responses, may also mediate insect aerial bat-avoidance responses triggered by wind generated by the approaching bat. One crucial question is whether enough time exists...

...Johan Bäckman; Thomas Alerstam SUMMARY Swifts regularly spend the night flying at high altitude. From previous studies based on tracking radar observations, we know that they stay airborne during the night and prefer to orient themselves into the wind direction with an increased angular...

.... The heat dissipation capacity of the head and neck, estimated from measurements made at a wind speed (100 km h −1 ) corresponding to fast flight, was 9.8 W, or 4.5 times the resting heat production. Since the greater part of this capacity, about 8 W, was attributable to the inner surfaces of the mouth, ram...

...Lisbeth Francis ABSTRACT Using a wind tunnel built over a shallow pool and methods devised for measuring the performance of yacht sails, I describe aerodynamic performance in situ for the sailor-by-the-wind, Velella velella . By contrast with designers of the modern yacht mainsail, natural...

... from the increase in whole-body cooling rates resulting from exposure of the wings to various wind speeds (0–50 km h −1 ) at 23°C. The maximum value of Ḣ wings was 3.8 W, less than twice the heat production of a resting pigeon. This indicates that the contribution of the wings to heat dissipation...

... cooling rates following exposure of the legs and feet to various combinations of wind speed (0–75 km h −1 ) and air temperature (5–25°C). The pigeons remained hyperthermic when their hindlimbs were kept insulated, but their bodies cooled markedly as a result of exposure of the legs and feet. With a 12...