...Armita R. Manafzadeh ABSTRACT Joints enable nearly all vertebrate animal motion, from feeding to locomotion. However, despite well over a century of arthrological research, we still understand very little about how the structure of joints relates to the kinematics they exhibit in life...

...Laura M. Zimmerman ABSTRACT Ten years ago, ‘Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian perspective’ was published. At the time, our understanding of the reptilian immune system lagged behind that of birds, mammals, fish and amphibians. Since then, great progress has...

... in the vertebrate lineage, enabling neofunctionalisation and/or subfunctionalisation, but with lineage-specific gene loss and/or additional gene or genome duplications generating complex patterns in the phylogenetic distribution of paralogous neuropeptide signalling systems. We are entering a new era...

... which circumstances birds are able to perceive polarized light and discriminate polarization stimuli. In vertebrates, knowledge on polarization vision is still quite limited. The degree of orientation of light-absorbing visual molecules is not as high in ciliary photoreceptors of vertebrates...

...Edwin W. Taylor; Cleo A. C. Leite; Marina R. Sartori; Tobias Wang; Augusto S. Abe; Dane A. Crossley, II Heart rate in vertebrates is controlled by activity in the autonomic nervous system. In spontaneously active or experimentally prepared animals, inhibitory parasympathetic control is predominant...

...Harvey B. Lillywhite SUMMARY The vertebrate integument represents an evolutionary compromise between the needs for mechanical protection and those of sensing the environment and regulating the exchange of materials and energy. Fibrous keratins evolved as a means of strengthening the integument...

... 2003 2003 locomotion biomechanics kinematics EMG muscle electromyography modulation neural control bone stress posture evolution vertebrate alligator Sauria Crocodylia Quadrupedal tetrapod species use a diverse variety of limb postures during terrestrial locomotion...

...Ronald H. H. Kröger; Bettina Knoblauch; Hans-Joachim Wagner SUMMARY Developmental plasticity of spectral processing in vertebrates was investigated in fish by using an innate behavior, the optomotor response. Rearing blue acara ( Aequidens pulcher ; Cichlidae) under white lights of different...

...Philip E. Bickler; Paul H. Donohoe SUMMARY The damage caused to mammalian neurons during ischaemic events in the brain(e.g. following a stroke), is an area of major interest to neuroscientists. The neurons of hypoxia-tolerant vertebrates offer unique models for identifying new strategies to enhance...

... for the two distinct groups of species (i.e. filled circles, and open circles together with filled triangles). References Abe, H. ( 2000 ). Role of histidine-related compounds as intracellular proton buffering constituents in vertebrate muscle. Biochem. (Moscow) 65 , 757 -765. Abe, H...

... is probably approximately 6.2. *e-mail: R.F.Burton@bio.gla.ac.uk 17 12 2001 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 2002 acid–base balance arterial pH plasma pH interstitial pH vertebrate fish amphibian reptile carbon dioxide tension plasma [Na + ] alphastat...

... Limited 2002 2002 vision eye size vertebrate dive depth ichthyosaur. Ichthyosaurs were large marine reptiles that lived between 90 and 250 million years ago. Fossil evidence suggests that several species had very large eyes in comparison with those of the extant dolphins, with which...

...G. W. G. Chalmers; J. M. Gosline; M. A. Lillie ABSTRACT An evolutionary trend towards increasing hydrophobicity of vertebrate arterial elastins suggests that there is an adaptive advantage to higher hydrophobicity. The swelling and dynamic mechanical properties of elastins from several species were...

...Austen F. Riggs ABSTRACT Cooperative ligand binding by tetrameric vertebrate hemoglobins (Hbs) makes possible the delivery of oxygen at higher pressures than would otherwise occur. This cooperativity depends on changes in dimer–dimer interactions within the tetramer and is reflected in a 50 000...

... of Biologists Limited 1998 anoxia hypoxia neuron Ca 2+ vertebrate turtle Chrysemys picta belli . Oxygen deprivation is a stress occasionally encountered to some degree by members of all vertebrate taxa, but true vertebrate anaerobes, which can tolerate anoxia for prolonged periods...