...Stephen M. Deban; Nadja Schilling SUMMARY The activity of seven trunk muscles was recorded at two sites along the trunk in adult spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum , during swimming and during trotting in water and on land. Several muscles showed patterns of activation that are consistent...

...-to the hindlimbs in quadrupeds. However, there are no whole-animal kinetic measurements of incline locomotion. Based on previous related research, we hypothesized that there would be a shift in forces to the hindlimb. The present study measured the force produced by the fore- and hindlimbs of horses while trotting...

... in three domestic dogs during trotting and galloping. We used ground force recordings and kinematic analysis to calculate the changes in gear ratio that occur during the production of the external work of locomotion. We also monitored length changes of the vastus lateralis muscle, an extensor muscle...

... external work of the extensor muscles is not allocated equally among the different joints and limbs. During both trotting and galloping, the vast majority of the negative work was produced by the two distal joints, the wrist and ankle. The forelimb produced most of the negative work in both the trot...

... and electrical activity (EMG) of the three muscles were measured using home-made force transducers and bipolar, indwelling wire electrodes, respectively, for walking and trotting at speeds of 0.4 to 1.8 m s −1 on a motor-driven treadmill. Video records and a geometrical model of the cat hindlimb were used...