.... Metabolic rate decreased 20–35% in both species, and gill Na + /K + -ATPase activity was maintained in gummy sharks but decreased 37% in school sharks. We measured plasma ions (Na + , K + , Cl − ) and osmolytes [urea and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)], and observed a 33% increase in plasma Na + in gummy...

..., caution is warranted if high levels cause overstabilization of proteins. e-mail: [email protected] 1 6 2005 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 osmolyte antioxidant pressure urea trimethylamine oxide hypotaurine temperature compatible solute counteracting...

... properties (primarily methylamines) are present in elasmobranch tissues. Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is generally the principle counteracting osmolyte in elasmobranchs. The importance of other organic stabilizers varies depending on species, but typically includes sarcosine( Forster and Goldstein, 1976...

...Robyn L. Morgan; James S. Ballantyne; Patricia A. Wright SUMMARY Marine elasmobranchs retain urea and other osmolytes, e.g. trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), to counterbalance the osmotic pressure of seawater. We investigated whether a renal urea transporter(s) would be regulated in response to dilution...

... spring. Plasma levels of glycerol, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and urea were elevated by December 15 and continued to increase in fish held in ambient conditions. In contrast, fish held under warm conditions exhibited decreased glycerol and urea content in plasma, muscle and liver. Plasma and liver TMAO...

...Brad A. Seibel; Patrick J. Walsh SUMMARY Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is a common and compatible osmolyte in muscle tissues of marine organisms that is often credited with counteracting protein-destabilizing forces. However, the origin and synthetic pathways of TMAO are actively debated. Here, we...

... grenadier lactate dehydrogenase and counteractions by trimethylamine oxide . Am. Zool . 38 , 120A . Gillett , M. B. , Suko , J. R. , Santoso , F. O. and Yancey , P. H. ( 1997 ). Elevated levels of trimethylamine oxide in muscles of deep-sea gadiform teleosts: a high-pressure...

... expected a priori that aestivating frogs probably would not need to accumulate balancing osmolytes but would accumulate trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) or betaine as counteracting solutes to urea. These aestivating frogs did not co-accumulate a substantial quantity of any particular balancing osmolyte...