... decreased 20–35% in both species, and gill Na + /K + -ATPase activity was maintained in gummy sharks but decreased 37% in school sharks. We measured plasma ions (Na + , K + , Cl −) and osmolytes [urea and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)], and observed a 33% increase in plasma Na + in gummy sharks...

..., caution is warranted if high levels cause overstabilization of proteins. e-mail: [email protected] 1 6 2005 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 osmolyte antioxidant pressure urea trimethylamine oxide hypotaurine temperature compatible solute counteracting...

...-mail: [email protected]) 23 2 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2004 2004 trimethylamine oxide urea excretion osmoregulation elasmobranch embryo egg case urea retention osmolyte little skate Raja erinacea Elasmobranchs mostly inhabit marine environments, except...

...Robyn L. Morgan; James S. Ballantyne; Patricia A. Wright SUMMARY Marine elasmobranchs retain urea and other osmolytes, e.g. trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), to counterbalance the osmotic pressure of seawater. We investigated whether a renal urea transporter(s) would be regulated in response to dilution...

... spring. Plasma levels of glycerol, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and urea were elevated by December 15 and continued to increase in fish held in ambient conditions. In contrast, fish held under warm conditions exhibited decreased glycerol and urea content in plasma, muscle and liver. Plasma and liver TMAO...

...Brad A. Seibel; Patrick J. Walsh SUMMARY Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is a common and compatible osmolyte in muscle tissues of marine organisms that is often credited with counteracting protein-destabilizing forces. However, the origin and synthetic pathways of TMAO are actively debated. Here, we...

... to reduce pressure denaturation alone, and little or no ability to reduce the rate of proteolysis. * e-mail: [email protected] 21 09 1999 29 11 1999 © 1999 by Company of Biologists 1999 trimethylamine oxide lactate dehydrogenase trypsinolysis deep sea hydrostatic...

... expected a priori that aestivating frogs probably would not need to accumulate balancing osmolytes but would accumulate trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) or betaine as counteracting solutes to urea. These aestivating frogs did not co-accumulate a substantial quantity of any particular balancing osmolyte...