...Jay J. Meyers; James C. O'Reilly; Jenna A. Monroy; Kiisa C. Nishikawa SUMMARY High-speed videography and muscle denervation experiments were used to elucidate the mechanism of tongue protraction in the microhylid frog Phrynomantis bifasciatus . Unlike most frogs, Phrynomantis has the ability...

... simultaneously and in a stereotyped pattern, as was found in other salamanders, and to determine whether species with different tongue morphologies and tongue protraction abilities exhibit different motor control strategies. The results show that sequential activation was observed far more frequently than...

...Kiisa C. Nishikawa; Carl Gans ABSTRACT Electromyography, kinematic analysis, muscle stimulation and denervation techniques were used to investigate the muscular mechanisms of narial closure during breathing and of tongue protraction during prey capture in the marine toad Bufo marinus . Toads were...

... dacnicolor , was analyzed using high-speed video (180 frames s -1 ). Its behavior was compared with that of Hyla cinerea , a species with a weakly protrusible tongue. P. dacnicolor exhibits a faster rate of tongue protraction, a longer gape cycle and more variable feeding kinematics than H. cinerea...