... changes in posture, anatomical variation or expertise do not reveal benefits in climbing. Metabolic energy Arboreality Cost of transport Kinematics Locomotion Tetrapod New York Institute of Technology Inclusive Sports and Fitness Validated experimentally using...

... are ancestral for gnathostomes during benthic walking and could be both lost and gained during subsequent gnathostome evolution. We were unable to reconstruct the presence/absence of asymmetrical gaits at the tetrapod, amniote, turtle and crocodilian nodes with certainty. The ability to adopt asymmetrical gaits...

... to their different biomechanical functions, providing insight into the emergence of novel locomotor capabilities during the invasion of land by tetrapods. In addition to the three conditions promoting ‘mixed-chains’ of SFs proposed by Alexander (1997) , higher SFs may be found in structures with higher penalties...

... of moist paper towels, and maintained on a diet of crickets. To advance our knowledge of trunk muscle function in tetrapod locomotion,we examined the electromyographic activity of seven trunk muscles at two sites along the trunk of Ambystoma maculatum , during swimming and during trotting...

..., Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. 30 3 1993 © 1993 by Company of Biologists 1993 locomotion hypaxial muscles tetrapod salamander Dicamptodon ensatus The precise coupling of breath and locomotor cycles in running mammals ( Attenburrow, 1982 ; Bramble...

... evolution of terrestriality in early tetrapods. * Present address: Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA. 6 8 1991 © 1992 by Company of Biologists 1992 Ambystoma tigrinurn axial electromyogram kinematics locomotion salamander terrestrial...

...D. Carrier ABSTRACT The role that the hypaxial muscles play in locomotion has been largely ignored by biologists. In tetrapods, there are at least three possibilities. First, the hypaxial muscles might bend the trunk laterally to increase stride length. Second, they might stabilize the trunk...