... the nature of the MGB axis in non-mammalian wildlife unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the temperature and the microbial environment in which tadpoles were raised shapes neurodevelopment, possibly through the MGB axis. Newly hatched green frog tadpoles ( Lithobates clamitans ) were raised...

... work is properly attributed. Summary: Tolerance of naturally acidic, dilute and soft water by larvae of the frog Limnodynastes terraereginae involves adaptations to the branchial calcium transport pathway, which protect intercellular junctions against damage. Amphibian Tadpole Low pH...

.... Moreover, changes in movement parameters also cause changes in the dynamics of self-generated sensory stimuli, to which motion-detecting sensory systems have to adapt. Here, we examined head movements and swimming kinematics of Xenopus laevis tadpoles with a body length of 10–45 mm (developmental stage 46...

... to DTFs, tadpoles from habitats characterised by small DTFs would show greater plasticity in the thermal sensitivity of physiological processes than tadpoles from environments characterised by large DTFs. We tested the thermal sensitivity of physiological traits in tadpoles of three species that differ...

... during feeding. We used high-speed digital imaging (500 Hz) to observe tadpoles of six species from the anuran family Hylidae grazing on a standardized food-covered substrate. Tadpoles of these species vary in the number of labial tooth rows, belong to two different feeding guilds (benthic and nektonic...

...Brian P. Schmidt; Jeffrey M. Knowles; Andrea Megela Simmons SUMMARY Current flow is an important biological stimulus for larval anuran amphibians, but little is known about how it is perceived. We quantified behavioral responses to controlled water flow in the bullfrog tadpole ( Rana catesbeiana...

... not differ between tadpoles raised in stable or variable thermal conditions. Furthermore, the Q 10 values of each response variable were virtually unaffected by treatment when measured over the entire thermal range. Our results reveal that larval amphibians exhibit little plasticity in metabolic traits...

... of a pair of giant reticulospinal neurons in fish and amphibians. In support of the involvement of a Mauthner neuron, unilateral lesions of the caudal hindbrain eliminated escape activity on the operated side, but activity remained on the un-operated side. Behaviourally, tadpoles responded to temperature...

... of NO on the cardiac-like impulse generated by skin cells of the hatchling Xenopus tadpole. Skin cell impulses propagate from cell to cell via gap junctions and form an unusual sensory system, which triggers escape behaviour at early stages of amphibian development. We show that the NO donor S-nitroso- N...

... from cranial nerve rootlets in isolated brainstem preparations from pre-metamorphic (Taylor–Köllros (T-K) stages VIII-XVI) and postmetamorphic tadpoles (T-K stages XXIV-XXV) and adults. Changes in fictive gill/lung activity in brainstems from pre-metamorphic tadpoles and lung activity...

...Thomas D. Lambert; Jenny Howard; Andy Plant; Steve Soffe; Alan Roberts SUMMARY Hatchling Xenopus laevis tadpoles spend most of their time attached to objects or the water surface by mucus secreted by a gland on the head. While attached, swimming activity and responsiveness to swim-initiating...

...Josh Van Buskirk; S. Andy Mccollum ABSTRACT Many tadpoles respond to insect predators by developing deeper, and sometimes longer, tails. It has been assumed that the larger tail enhances aspects of swimming performance, because deep-tailed tadpoles survive well when confronted with hunting...

...D. Jamieson; Alan Roberts ABSTRACT When the light is dimmed, the pineal eye of hatchling Xenopus laevis tadpoles excites the central pattern generator for swimming, but the behavioural significance of pineal excitation is unclear. We show that tadpoles spend 99 % of their time hanging from...

...Alan Roberts; N. A. Hill; Robin Hicks ABSTRACT Many amphibian tadpoles hatch and swim before their inner ears and sense of spatial orientation differentiate. We describe upward and downward swimming responses in hatchling Xenopus laevis tadpoles from stages 32 to 37/38 in which the body rotates...

...Christina Vogler; Detlev Schild ABSTRACT Recordings were made from olfactory receptor neurons of Xenopus laevis tadpoles using the patch-clamp technique to investigate the responses of these cells to odorants. Four amino acids (glutamate, methionine, arginine and alanine) both individually...

...Penny A. Doherty; Richard J. Wassersug; J. Michael Lee ABSTRACT The tadpole tail fin is a simple double layer of skin overlying loose connective tissue. Collagen fibres in the fin are oriented at approximately ±45 ° from the long axis of the tail. Three tests were conducted on samples of the dorsal...

...Monika Fejtek; Kenneth Souza; Anton Neff; Richard Wassersug ABSTRACT We examined the respiratory behaviours and swimming kinematics of Xenopus laevis tadpoles hatched in microgravity (Space Shuttle), simulated microgravity (clinostat) and hypergravity (3 g centrifuge). All observations were made...

...Thomas Cox ABSTRACT The skin of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana tadpole contains an apical non-selective cation channel that is activated by amiloride. This is in contrast to the adult skin, which has a highly Na + -selective channel that is blocked by amiloride. The purpose of the present study...

...Hao Liu; Richard Wassersug; Keiji Kawachi ABSTRACT Tadpoles are unusual among vertebrates in having a globose body with a laterally compressed tail abruptly appended to it. Compared with most teleost fishes, tadpoles swim awkwardly, with waves of relatively high amplitude at both the snout and tail...

...C. S. Torgerson; M. J. Gdovin; J. E. Remmers ABSTRACT An isolated brainstem preparation of the bullfrog tadpole, Rana catesbeiana , displays coordinated rhythmic bursting activities in cranial nerves V, VII and X in vitro . In decerebrate, spontaneously breathing tadpoles, we have previously shown...