... Amplitude Second moment of area Swimming velocity Cephalofoil Hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae) are characterized by a laterally expanded head (cephalofoil) that varies greatly among species ( Lim et al., 2010 ; Thomson and Simanek, 1977 ). The most basal hammerhead lineage, represented...

... swimmers) swam more slowly than those swimming downwards. This dependence of the swimming velocity on its direction relative to gravity can be partly interpreted as the consequence of sinking due to gravity if the propulsive force does not vary. The effect was different for Paramecium swimming along...