...Angela M. Mossor; Jesse W. Young; Michael T. Butcher ABSTRACT The material composition of vertebrate connective tissue is highly conserved across taxa. Existing data suggest that the compressive and tensile strength of limb bones are very similar despite marked variation in limb posture...

...R. L. Crane; M. W. Denny ABSTRACT Mollusk shells protect against diverse environmental and predatory physical threats, from one-time impacts to chronic, low-magnitude stresses. The effectiveness of shells as armor is often quantified with a test of shell strength: increasing force is applied until...

... by an increase in structures supporting oxygen delivery and consumption, such as capillaries and mitochondria. High-load strength-type exercise leads to growth of muscle fibers dominated by an increase in contractile proteins. In endurance exercise, stress-induced signaling leads to transcriptional upregulation...

... © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2014 Signal reliability Strength Performance Metabolic rate Intra-specific combat is energetically expensive and can increase the risk of injury and death ( Briffa and Sneddon, 2007 ). To reduce these potential costs animals often...

.... This paper presents the first measurements of fracture toughness for insect cuticle using a standard engineering approach. Our results show that the fracture toughness of cuticle in locust hind legs is 4.12 MPa m 1/2 and decreases with desiccation of the cuticle. Stiffness and strength of the tibia cuticle...

... cartilage mineral content stiffness strength viscoelastic elastic Scale is critical when studying biological materials( Currey, 2005 ). For instance,we can study mechanics of the crystal structure in apatite, individual trabeculae in spongy bone, compact bone, or an entire long bone. At each...

... intermediate strength and stiffness, and A. andreniformis wax was the least strong, stiff and resilient. All of the waxes had similar strain values at the proportional limit and yield point. The observed differences in wax mechanical properties correlate with the nesting ecology of these species. A. mellifera...

... on the feathers, regressions of breaking stress as a function of fractional distance along the feather were best fit by a one-slope,one-intercept model ( Fig. 4 ;statistics reported in figure legend). Thus, strength was independent of barb color when position along the rachis was taken into account. Breaking...

... of Biologists 1999 cellulose cell wall liquid crystal lignin model mechanical properties stiffness strength toughness Cellulose is a polysaccharide which, because of the β-1,4 links between the sugar units, produces a strongly linear ribbon structure that is very stiff and forms stable...

... feather vane strength attachment pigeon Columba livia The microscopic structure of the vanes of feathers was first observed by Robert Hooke (1665) , who found that adjacent barbs of goose quills are linked by two series of barbules which diverge from the proximal and distal margins...