... of flight in a wind tunnel by four European starlings Sturnus vulgaris made using three independent techniques: heat transfer modelling, doubly labelled water (DLW)and mask respirometry. We based our heat transfer model on thermal images of the surface temperature of the birds and air flow past the body...

... technique was used to measure the energy cost of short flights in the nectarivorous Palestine sunbird Nectarinia osea (mean mass 6.17±0.16 g, N =8)and the non-nectarivorous starling Sturnus vulgaris (mean mass 70.11±1.11 g, N =9). The technique was initially calibrated in five individuals for each species...

...S. Ward; U. Möller; J. M. V. Rayner; D. M. Jackson; D. Bilo; W. Nachtigall; J. R. Speakman SUMMARY We trained two starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris ) to fly in a wind tunnel whilst wearing respirometry masks. We measured the metabolic power ( P met ) from the rates of oxygen consumption and carbon...

... of yolk precursors (vitellogenin and very-low density lipoprotein, VLDL) by the liver, and of albumen by the oviduct. We gave European starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris ) silastic implants containing estradiol prior to egg formation, which we predicted would increase egg mass. As expected, exogenous estradiol...

...S. Ward; J. M. V. Rayner; U. Möller; D. M. Jackson; W. Nachtigall; J. R. Speakman ABSTRACT Infrared thermography was used to measure heat transfer by radiation and the surface temperature of starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris ) ( N =4) flying in a wind tunnel at 6–14 m s −1 and at 15–25 °C. Heat transfer...

... studied its contractile and mechanical properties in European starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris ) and pigeons ( Columba livia ), two birds with contrasting flight styles. We made in situ measurements of isometric forces of humeral elevation and humeral rotation and, in addition, measured the extent...

...Andrew A. Biewener; Kenneth P. Dial; G. E. Goslow, Jr ABSTRACT Force recordings of the pectoralis muscle of European starlings have been made in vivo during level flight in a wind tunnel, based on bone strain recordings at the muscle’s attachment site on the humerus (deltopectoral crest...