... with differing body size and posture but similar skeletal shape show no difference in the cost of transport. Terrestrial locomotion Size Body mass Geometric similarity Energetics Body size has a significant influence on the morphology and metabolism of animals ( Schmidt-Nielsen, 1975 , 1984...

...Erica C. Heinrich; Manoush Farzin; C. Jaco Klok; Jon F. Harrison SUMMARY Animals reared in hypoxic environments frequently exhibit smaller body sizes than when reared under normal atmospheric oxygen concentrations. The mechanisms responsible for this widely documented pattern of body size...

... mass and egg mass size. At ambient environmental temperatures (–1.5°C), egg masses of T. challengeriana contained high O 2 levels( Fig. 4 ) across all stages of development. Warming induced slightly steeper O 2 gradients, but levels never dropped below 17 kPa (∼75% of air saturation). By contrast...

... on estimated D . For the Antarctic species, D in egg masses was 70–90% of its value in seawater of similar temperature. oxygen diffusion coefficient egg mass metabolism nudibranch size Antarctic embryo A common reproductive strategy among aquatic and marine animals is to embed embryos...

... of the muscles that power feeding. However, functional insight into scaling relationships is fundamental to our understanding of the ecology, performance and evolution of animals. In this study, in vitro contractile properties of three feeding muscles were determined for a series of different sizes of African...

.... However, little is known about relationships between egg-mass structure and the opportunities and constraints imposed on structure by metabolic gas transport. We examined the effects of four factors (temperature, embryo age, embryo density and egg-mass size) on the metabolism of egg masses using both...

... of the flightless ratites in which the neopulmo is relatively poorly developed and a segmentum accelerans may be generally lacking. The large size of the bronchial system of the ostrich may help explain the unique shifts in the airflow pathways that must occur from resting to panting breathing, explaining its...

...Duncan J. Irschick; Bruce C. Jayne ABSTRACT Although many studies have investigated how locomotor capacities change with size, few studies have examined whether different-sized individuals within a species have similar kinematics during locomotion. We quantified the skeletal limb morphology...

... of the organisms being studied is crucial to determine when during the life of an individual particular aspects of mechanical performance should be measured; not only can the size, shape and material properties of an individual change during ontogeny, but so can its habitat, activities and ecological role...

...Mark Denny ABSTRACT Hydrodynamic forces imposed by ocean waves are thought to limit the size of nearshore plants and animals, but it has proved difficult to determine the mechanism. Explanations based on the scaling mismatch between hydrodynamic accelerational forces and the strength of organisms...

...Kim J. Quillin ABSTRACT This study examined the relationship between ontogenetic increase in body size and the kinematics of peristaltic locomotion by the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris , a soft-bodied organism supported by a hydrostatic skeleton. Whereas the motions of most vertebrates...

..., apparently for generating thrust during tail-flips. (iii) Shrimps typically swim on their side rather than in an upright body position. It is suggested that these features may be interlinked and derive from habitat specialisation. The kinematic properties of tail-flips were found to vary with shrimp size...

... tested in a water flume using increasing velocity tests to sample a range of swimming speeds, V. λ was independent of V and related to size by: so that wavelength was relatively larger in smaller fish. 3. f was related to L and V according to: a was independent of V but was relatively smaller in larger...

...Andrew A. Biewener ABSTRACT Peak stresses acting in limb bones should increase with increasing size if the forces acting on the bones increase in direct proportion to the animal’s body weight. This is a direct consequence of the scaling of limb bone geometry over a wide range in size in mammals...