... in their ‘osmoregulatory machinery’, but the metabolic consequences of salinity acclimatization are still not well understood. We investigated the effects of salinity on basal metabolic rate (BMR), body mass and daily energy consumption of a long-distance migratory shorebird, the dunlin ( Calidris alpina ), outside...

...Robert E. Ricklefs; Joseph B. Williams SUMMARY We developed a protocol for determining the maximum rate of oxygen consumption of shorebird chicks (Scolopacidae and Charadriidae) in response to cold challenge. We first subjected the chicks to gradually decreasing temperatures until their metabolism...

...George S. Bakken; Joseph B. Williams; Robert E. Ricklefs SUMMARY Wind is a significant factor in the thermoregulation of chicks of shorebirds on the Arctic tundra. We investigated the effect of wind at speeds typical of near-surface conditions (0.1-3 ms -1 ) on metabolic heat production...

... Calidris alpina dunlin shorebird wader energy balance rainfall winter storm Tomales Bay Bolinas Lagoon. The energy requirements of free-living birds generally exceed the existence metabolism (EM) of caged birds, because of the costs of foraging, flying to and from roost sites, and avoiding...