... of Stoll ( Stoll, 1972 ), who demonstrated that the shadow response is mediated solely by dermal photoreceptors. Extraocular photosensation in gastropods has been studied in Aplysia ( Dijkgraft, 1935 ; Lukowiak and Jacklet, 1972 ; Lukowiak and Sahley, 1981 ; Lyons et al., 2006 ; Stoll, 1979...

..., cavefish larvae swim upward vertically. This behavior resembles that of amphibian tadpoles rather than other teleost larvae, which react to shadows by swimming downward. The shadow response is highest at 1.5-days post-fertilization (d.p.f.), gradually diminishes, and is virtually undetectable by 7.5 d.p.f...

... of the responses of the larva under light and dark conditions. Three different larval movements were distinguished by their specific frequencies: tail flicks, `spontaneous' swimming, and shadow response, or dark induced activity, with respective mean frequencies of about 10, 22 and 32 Hz. The shadow response...