... to electrochemical potential differences of protons across diverse biological membranes via the primary active transport of H + . In turn, the transmembrane electrochemical potential of H + is used to drive a variety of (i)secondary active transport systems via H + -dependent symporters and antiporters and (ii...

... to steady-state intracellular accumulation of solute when the electrochemical potentials of activator ion and solute are energetically coupled. Secondary active transport can occur if an appropriate physical coupling mechanism exists in the membrane. Driving forces for secondary active transport...

...C. L. Slayman © 1992 by Company of Biologists 1992 transport regulation secondary active transport electrogenic V-ATPases electroenzymes The biological significance of a particular molecular machine is defined only by its interactions with other molecular machines. While...