... morphologies . Mar. Biol.   99 , 435 - 444 . Littler   M. M. , Littler   D. S. ( 1999 ). Blade abandonment/proliferation: a novel mechanism for rapid epiphyte control in marine macrophytes . Ecology   80 , 1736 - 1746 . Lobban   C. S. , Harrison   P. J.   1994 . Seaweed Ecology...

... life history phases endophytes Mazzaella macroalgae seaweed biomechanics Seaweeds densely populate many rocky intertidal shores, a physically stringent environment presenting terrestrial stressors at low tide and buffeting by breaking waves at high tide. When tides are low, seaweeds...

...Katharine J. Mach; Drew V. Nelson; Mark W. Denny SUMMARY Biomechanical analyses of intertidal and shallow subtidal seaweeds have elucidated ways in which these organisms avoid breakage in the presence of exceptional hydrodynamic forces imposed by pounding surf. However, comparison of algal material...

... macroalgae seaweed fatigue breakage As sessile organisms, intertidal macroalgae experience the full brunt of wave-induced water velocities, which in breaking waves commonly exceed 10 m s -1 . Hydrodynamic forces thereby imposed on seaweeds( Gaylord, 2000 ; Denny and Gaylord, 2002 ) are repeated...

... ecology seaweed The flexibility of macroalgae is central to their ability to survive and sometimes dominate the landscape in the harsh hydrodynamic conditions of the wave-swept rocky intertidal zone ( Koehl,1984 ; Koehl, 1986 ; Koehl, 1996 ; Holbrook et al., 1991 ; Gaylord, 2000 ; Denny...

... flexural stiffness buoyancy seaweed Turbinaria ornate hydrodynamic force relative velocity. For many marine benthic organisms an upright posture in the water column is important for performance. An upright posture exposes organisms to faster water velocities higher in (or above...

... Limited 2006 2006 biomechanics ecology seaweed Chondrus crispus The distribution and abundance of rocky shore intertidal organisms are partly determined by damage and dislodgement caused by the hydrodynamic forces created by breaking waves ( Dayton,1971 ; Menge, 1976 ; Paine and Levin...

... 2001 hydrodynamic force transient fluid force benthic organism compliance wave action macroalgae seaweed The mechanical properties of biological structures and their materials are among the most fundamental of the numerous factors that dictate how plants and animals survive...