... or counteracting solute, such as a methylamine [TMAO, trimethylamine amine (TMA), betaine, sarcosine, glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC)] or polyol (inositol, mannitol, sorbitol) in plasma or muscle relative to urea accumulation. However, for aestivating frogs, the total concentration of all measured methylamines...

... −1 sarcosine. The organic solutes contribute about 12.1 g l −1 lift. Although urea and TMAO act as balancing osmolytes, and TMAO as a counteracting solute, a positive buoyancy role must be considered as a further adaptive function of urea and TMAO accumulation in chondrichthyean fishes. 11 11...

...Christopher D. Moyes; Thomas W. Moon; James S. Ballantyne ABSTRACT The mechanism responsible for the osmotic sensitivity of sarcosine oxidation by liver mitochondria from the little skate, Raja erinacea Mitchill, is examined. Assay medium tonicity, rather than a solute effect (urea...