... angle (deg), dimensionless speed and their interaction Table 4. Safety factor in the humerus and femur for axial compression and torsion based on their respective yield strains Fig. 5. Bivariate plots of humerus and femur adduction angle and strain characteristics in each...

... ). Furthermore, in its current form, the hypothesis includes the concept of safety factor and indicates the thermally vulnerable tissue morphometries where the safety factor is low and may fall below the critical value of 1.0. According to the source–sink mismatch hypothesis, the function of electrically...

... Fossula spongiosa Resilin Safety factor Sexual conflict Tibial setae Attachment to surfaces is a vital component of an animal's interaction with its natural environment. Consequently, attachment structures and the ability to adhere to plant, host, ground or artificial surfaces has been...

... pad, which represents an adaptation to adhesion on smooth surfaces. Accordingly, ticks attached strongest to glass and to surface profiles similar to those of the human skin, generating safety factors (attachment force relative to body weight) up to 534 (females). Considerably lower attachment force...

... increases ( Vogel, 2003 ). The safety factor is a traditional method of quantifying how closely structures approach failure during performance. For example, the strength of a bone may be several fold higher than the forces typically encountered, but approach failure under extreme events such as falls...

... in opossums also contributes to levels of femoral torsion as high as those seen in many reptilian taxa. Femoral safety factors were as high as those of non-avian reptiles and greater than those of upright, cursorial mammals, primarily because the load magnitudes experienced by opossums are lower than those...

... MPa; compressive: –18.9±1.0 MPa), and mechanical property tests indicated yield strengths that were fairly standard for tetrapods (157.1±3.7 MPa). Femoral bending safety factors (10.5) were considerably higher than values typical for birds and mammals, and closer to the elevated values calculated...

...K. Megan Sheffield; Michael T. Butcher; S. Katherine Shugart; Jennifer C. Gander; Richard W. Blob SUMMARY Skeletal elements are usually able to withstand several times their usual load before they yield, and this ratio is known as the bone's safety factor. Limited studies on amphibians and non...

... strains, with opossum femora experiencing similar bending loads but higher levels of torsion compared with most previously studied mammals. Analyses of peak femoral strains led to estimated safety factor ranges of 5.1–7.2 in bending and 5.5–7.3 in torsion, somewhat higher than typical mammalian values...

... calculations of femoral safety factors indicated high values in bending and torsion, similar to other reptiles and suggesting that substantial `overbuilding' of limb bones could be an ancestral feature of tetrapods. Because force-platform analyses produce indirect estimates of bone loading, we sought...

... and ground reaction forces(GRFs) during isolated hindlimb footfalls. Further, we evaluated femoral safety factors for this species by comparing our locomotor stress calculations with the results of mechanical property tests. The net GRF magnitude at peak tensile bone stress averaged 0.35 BW (body weight...

...Andrew A. Biewener SUMMARY To function over a lifetime of use, materials and structures must be designed to have sufficient factors of safety to avoid failure. Vertebrates are generally built from materials having similar properties. Safety factors are most commonly calculated based on the ratio...

... atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that a single setule can produce an adhesive force (F a ) of 38.12 nN perpendicular to a surface. Consequently, at a total F a of 2.38×10 –2 N and a mean body mass of 15.1 mg, a safety factor (SF; F a /F m , where F m is weight) of 160 is achieved. Tenacity (τ n ; F...

...) the limb bones of I. iguana and A. mississippiensis experience substantial torsion, (ii) the limb bones of I. iguana and A. mississippiensis have higher safety factors than those of birds or mammals, and (iii) load magnitudes in the limb bones of A. mississippiensis do not decrease uniformly with the use...

... is that it sheds little light on the probability of an individual’s survival. * e-mail: [email protected] 18 05 1999 16 11 1999 © 1999 by Company of Biologists 1999 biomechanics safety factor plant stem computation Biologists and engineers agree that load-supporting...

... of axial rotation in lizard and crocodilian limbs. Comparisons of locomotor load magnitudes with the mechanical properties of limb bones in Alligator and Iguana indicate that limb bone safety factors in bending for these species range from 5.5 to 10.8, as much as twice as high as safety factors previously...

...William R. Corning; Andrew A. Biewener ABSTRACT To evaluate the safety factor for flight feather shafts, in vivo strains were recorded during free flight from the dorsal surface of a variety of flight feathers of captive pigeons ( Columba livia ) using metal foil strain gauges. Strains recorded...

... max ) experienced by that component as it is used day-to-day in the habitat of the organism during that life stage (in this case, the stress in the stipe due to the maximum hydrodynamic force on the kelp during times of peak tidal current). In contrast, the safety factor of a component...

...Sean J. Kirkpatrick ABSTRACT The effects of scale on the estimated stresses and safety factors in the humeri of several bird and bat species were investigated. This was accomplished by estimating the lift distribution across the wings at two extremes of flight, gliding flight and the downstroke...

.... In addition, recent work has shown that the material strength of bone is similar in large and small animals. If the assumptions in this analysis are correct, large animals would have a lower safety factor to failure than small animals. The purpose of this study was to measure peak stresses acting in the limb...