... overestimates given that geckos neither remain stationary nor move on perfectly smooth surfaces ( Autumn et al., 2014 ). Indeed, safety factors can reach dangerously low levels when considering real life situations, such as landing with high impact forces after a fall ( Higham et al., 2017b ) or moving on rough...

... end of the temperature range (40–42°C) ( Marsh and Bennett, 1985 ; Swoap et al., 1993 ). In the real world, geckos are interacting with substrates that vary considerably in roughness, and what determines the underlying roughness might also vary among substrates ( Higham et al., 2019 ). Because...

... by the physical characteristics of the waterfall substrate. In this study, we investigated the influence of surface wettability (hydrophobic versus hydrophilic surface charges) and substrate roughness on the passive adhesive system of four species of gobies with different climbing abilities. Overall, passive...

...Dagmar Voigt; Stanislav Gorb ABSTRACT The presence of well-developed, elastic claws on ticks and widely pilose hosts led us to hypothesise that ticks are mostly adapted to attachment and locomotion on rough, strongly corrugated and hairy, felt-like substrates. However, by using a combination...

... maximised for ‘roughness’ perceived as unpleasant by humans also caused the strongest avoidance responses in seals, suggesting that sensory pleasantness may be the result of auditory processing that is not restricted to humans. Our results highlight the importance of considering the effects of acoustic...