... network and in vivo . These results suggest that the lung area can be activated to produce rhythmic respiratory-related motor output in a reduced brainstem section and provide new insights into respiratory rhythm generation in adult amphibians. First, clustering breaths into episodes can occur within...

... to low oxygen. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 17 11 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 amphibian bullfrog Rana catesbeiana development tadpole respiratory rhythm generation iodoacetate Many ectothermic vertebrates...