... the scratching responses of juveniles (fifth instars) and adults to touch of anterior (wing base) and posterior (distal abdomen) targets that develop isometrically, and to wing tip targets that are anterior in juveniles but posterior in adults. Juveniles reach the (anterior) wing tip with the distal tibia...

...Hiroshi Matsui; Ei-Ichi Izawa ABSTRACT Pecking in birds is analogous to reaching and grasping movements in primates. Earlier studies on visuomotor control in birds, which were conducted mostly in pigeons, suggested that avian pecking is controlled feedforwardly, and is out of the control of visual...

... and investigate the adaptability of stereotypical bend propagation in reaching movements and the pseudo-limb articulation during fetching. Subjects ( N =6) were placed inside a transparent Perspex box with a hole at the center that allowed the insertion of a single arm. Animals had to reach out through the hole...

... cantilever muscle reaching affordance gap The size and shape of animals can have profound effects on musculoskeletal function, partly as a result of mass increasing more rapidly than the ability of muscles to produce force as the overall size of animal increases( McMahon, 1984 ; Vogel, 2003...

... The Company of Biologists Limited 2003 2003 reaching load compensation scratching locust Schistocerca gregaria coordination insect motor control sensory feedback Reaching movements made by primates and other vertebrates are compensated well against perturbations caused by external...

... of the hindleg, so that different trajectories can be used to reach a common stimulus site from different starting postures. Moreover, the trajectories of the two hindlegs moving simultaneously from different starting postures in response to a single stimulus can be different, so that their tarsi converge onto...