.... and Hurteau , M.-F. ( 2015 ). Modulation of forelimb and hindlimb muscle activity during quadrupedal tied-belt and split-belt locomotion in intact cats . Neuroscience   290 , 266 - 278 . 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.084 Gálvez-López , E. , Maes , L. D. and Abourachid , A. ( 2011...

... stiffness to preserve their center-of-mass mechanics. We did not estimate center-of-mass mechanics in this study; nevertheless, our estimates of hindlimb stiffness suggest that goats exhibit a different behavior. This study offers new insight into mechanisms that allow quadrupeds to modulate their gait...

... impulse distribution of 65:35 across a modest walking speed range. By this measure, giraffes are broadly similar to most other quadrupedal mammals, despite having a large (and long) mass of neck and head attached to the cranial thorax. Impulse CC values are often different in quadrupeds' forelimbs...

... speed. In studies of quadrupedal mammals, there has been very little focus on mediolateral ground reaction forces generated during locomotion. This is largely because these forces are typically very low, except during turning ( Jindrich and Qiao, 2009 ). Cursorial quadrupeds restrict...

...Allison S. Arnold; David V. Lee; Andrew A. Biewener SUMMARY Goats and other quadrupeds must modulate the work output of their muscles to accommodate the changing mechanical demands associated with locomotion in their natural environments. This study examined which hindlimb joint moments goats use...

...: comparisons with cats and dogs . Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 11 , 263 – 274 . Vilensky J. A. ( 1989 ). Primate quadrupedalism: how and why does it differ from that of typical quadrupeds? Brain Behav. Evol. 34 , 357 – 364 . Vonesh E. F. , Chinchilli V. M. ( 1997 ). Linear...

...David V. Lee SUMMARY Quadrupedal running on grades requires balancing of pitch moments about the center of mass (COM) while supplying sufficient impulse to maintain a steady uphill or downhill velocity. Here, trotting mechanics on a 15 deg grade were characterized by the distribution of impulse...

... and retractor muscles of the hindlimb. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 19 1 2009 2009 retractor muscles protractor muscles electromyogram EMG recruitment quadruped running hip Because the extrinsic appendicular muscles cross from attachment...

...Ludovic D. Maes; Marc Herbin; Rémi Hackert; Vincent L. Bels; Anick Abourachid SUMMARY Only a few studies on quadrupedal locomotion have investigated symmetrical and asymmetrical gaits in the same framework because the mechanisms underlying these two types of gait seem to be different and it took...

... airflow and the locomotor cycle in trotting dogs. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 18 10 2007 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2008 2008 forelimb retractor muscles protractor muscles EMG recruitment quadruped running shoulder A well...

... are also largely out of phase in walking quadrupeds( Cavagna et al., 1977 )including dogs ( Griffin et al.,2004 ), the mechanics of quadrupedal walking is generally less clear: although kinetic and potential energy oscillations can be broadly out of phase, the degree to which limbs can be treated as stiff...

... ) of individual limbs were calculated. Two high speed video cameras were used to simultaneously capture whole limb craniocaudal and mediolateral angles at limb touchdown, midstance and lift-off. Patterns on the level terrain were typical for non-primate quadrupeds: the forelimbs supported the majority of the body...

...., Larson, S. G. and Stern, J. T. J. ( 1994 ). Serratus ventralis function in vervet monkeys( Cercopithecus aethiops ): are primate quadrupeds unique? J. Zool. Lond . 232 , 215 -230. Tokuriki, M. ( 1973a ). Electromyographic and joint-mechanical studies in quadrupedal locomotion. I. Walk. Jpn. J. vet...

...J. J. Chen; A. M. Peattie; K. Autumn; R. J. Full SUMMARY Legs of sprawled-posture, quadrupedal trotting geckos ( Hemidactylus garnotii ) each functioned differently during constant average-speed locomotion. The center of mass decelerated in the first half of a step and accelerated in the second...

...% when guinea fowl ran on a 16% incline ( Daley and Biewener,2003 ). The increase in muscle force for this species may reflect the steeper incline and/or its smaller size and differences in muscle-tendon architecture. There have been few direct measurements of muscle forces in quadrupeds locomoting...

... Reliability is the variance ratio calculated over 10 strides during one trial. Overall s . d . = 0.023 (based on RM-ANOVA MSE). * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 22 12 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 Locomotion quadruped...

... scale effects in running quadrupeds. The model consists of dynamic, physics-based simulations of six running mammals ranging in size from a chipmunk to a horse (0.115-676 kg). The `virtual animals' are made up of rigid segments (head, trunk and four legs) linked by joints and are similar in morphology...

... the long-standing supposition that a diagonal pattern of limb support provides mechanical stability during quadrupedal trotting. This stability is probably an important factor in the preponderance of trotting gaits among quadrupeds. For cursorial quadrupeds with relatively long limbs and laterally...