... cause of learning and memory impairment. However, evidence for this phenomenon so far has come from artificially infected bees, while less is known about the implications of natural infections with the virus. Using the proboscis extension reflex (PER), we uncovered no significant association between...

..., competing plants create an enormous sensory load that must be processed in order to make appropriate decisions and optimize energy use during foraging ( Chittka and Raine, 2006 ; Knauer and Schiestl, 2015 ). Associative learning Conditioning Bombus impatiens Proboscis extension reflex PER...

... learning, using proboscis extension reflex conditioning. At concentrations of 0.5–10 µg TRP ml −1 , there were no learning effects of acute exposure. However, memory retention (1 h after the last learning trial) significantly decreased by 56% following acute consumption of 0.5 µg TRP ml −1 . Chronic...

... show differences in amino acids and biogenic amines. We took newly emerged bees and fed them with Nosema ceranae . At approximate nurse and forager ages, we employed an odor-associative conditioning assay using the proboscis extension reflex and two bioanalytical techniques to measure changes in brain...

... ( Apis mellifera ) colonies. Fluvalinate's effects on honey bees are not well known. Honey bee cognitive and neural function can be assessed using the proboscis extension reflex (PER), which applies Pavlovian conditioning techniques. This study used PER to evaluate effects of fluvalinate on honey bee...

... the feeding response to amino acids is regulated are unknown. In this study, the two-choice preference test, the proboscis extension reflex test and a CAFE assay were performed to explore the ability of D. melanogaster to detect and discriminate amino acids. To determine whether D. melanogaster change...

...Birgit Fröhlich; Markus Riederer; Jürgen Tautz ABSTRACT We used the proboscis extension reflex of honeybees to test their ability to discriminate between comb waxes of different ages (wax scales, 1-week-old wax, 2-to 3-year-old wax, 8-to 10-year-old wax). Such waxes differ in their chemical...

... 1999 honeybee Apis mellifera learning proboscis extension reflex blocking effect olfaction cognition attention Over the last few decades, investigations into the role of reinforcement in the establishment of associations have remained central to associative learning research...

...), a sucrose solution. The occurrence of a proboscis extension reflex (PER) was tested. The PER performance during acquisition increased steadily with the number of training trials. Non-associative control procedures did not result in learning. PER conditioning was achieved when the CS was presented 1–3 s...