... both bipedal walking and running. Human evolution Foot biomechanics Longitudinal arch Primate locomotion Running Fossil hominin Human feet differ from those of other animals, including our closest living relatives, the great apes [in this article, we use the term ‘great apes...

... biomechanics energy-saving mechanism human evolution joint movements kinematics primate locomotion The fossil record and associated paleoenvironmental evidence( Harrison and Rook, 1997 ; Wolde Gabriel et al., 2001 ; Madar et al., 2002 ; Senut, 2003 ; Senut, 2006 ; Pickford, 2006 ) indicate...

... Hylobates lar primate locomotion biomechanics energy recovery Humans, like most terrestrial animals, have developed energy-saving mechanisms to reduce the cost of locomotion. Walking uses an `inverted pendulum' (IP) mechanism, enabling an effective exchange between potential and kinetic energy...