... in vestibular development. * Author for correspondence at present address: Auf dem Rucken 16/1, 89143 Blaubeuren, Germany ( [email protected] ) 20 8 2012 8 10 2012 © 2013. 2013 axis formation eye movement postural control vestibular development Wnt-system...

...Nathan E. Bunderson; J. Lucas McKay; Lena H. Ting; Thomas J. Burkholder SUMMARY Postural control requires the coordination of force production at the limb endpoints to apply an appropriate force to the body. Subjected to horizontal plane perturbations, quadruped limbs stereotypically produce force...

... of the brain stem and spinal cord, is similar to that of higher vertebrates ( Nieuwenhuys et al.,1998 ), but the lamprey presents many more opportunities for analytical studies of the nervous mechanisms for postural control, including studies at the network and cellular levels( Orlovsky, 1991 ; Macpherson et...

..., 1995 ), as has the (evolutionary) relationships between joint control systems in orthopteran insects ( Büschges and Wolf, 1995 ). Catalepsy in stick insects thus appears to rely mainly on two properties: the high gain of the velocity-sensitive component of the posture control system and the non...

..., so that the illuminated side tilted downwards and the dorsum of the lamprey became turned towards the light. This is similar to the ‘dorsal light response’ of fish and shows that vision also plays a role in postural control in lampreys. The behaviour of blinded animals differed strikingly from...

... labyrinthectomized animals never maintained a linear trajectory in any plane, but turned continuously in all directions. 10 10 1994 ©The Company of Biologists Limited 1995 lamprey locomotion orientation postural control vestibular system turning movement Lampetra fluviatilis...