... was measured using 28 physical models spanning this evolved variation. Ten substrates were considered, ranging in particle size from 0.025 to 4 mm in diameter and consisting of spherical or angular particles. Head shape evolved in a weakly correlated manner, with snouts that were gently sloped being blunter...

.... We found that passive force and fluid volume were correlated over a 20% increase in muscle volume, with small changes in volume having significant effects on force (e.g. a 5% volume increase results in a >10% passive force increase). A simple physical model of muscle morphology reproduces...

... locations depending on prey shape ( Nerita spp., Cenchritis muricatus , Cerithium spp.) and deployed a physical model (Ninjabot) to test the effectiveness of strike locations. We found that, contrary to their formidable reputation, mantis shrimp struck shells tens to hundreds of times while targeting...

... and interdisciplinary teams have flipped this approach, using robots and physical models to set the course for experiments on biological systems and to generate new hypotheses for biological research. We call this approach robotics-inspired biology; it involves performing experiments on robotic systems aimed...

...E. W. Misty Paig-Tran; Joseph J. Bizzarro; James A. Strother; Adam P. Summers SUMMARY We created physical models based on the morphology of ram suspension-feeding fishes to better understand the roles morphology and swimming speed play in particle retention, size selectivity and filtration...

... bipunctata thermal balance colour morph walking speed physical model melanism The two-spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata , occurs as non-melanic morphs with black spots on red elytra and as melanic morphs which are predominantly black with red spots. This colour polymorphism, due...