... in our knowledge of the evolution of neuropeptide signalling systems that have been enabled by comparative genomics and neuropeptide receptor deorphanisation. Evolution Invertebrate Neuropeptide Phylogeny Receptor Vertebrate The release of peptides as intercellular signalling molecules...

... useful characters for determining the positions of sponges within the animal tree. Intertwined with discussion of basal metazoan phylogeny is consideration of the evolution of neuronal systems. Recent data show that neural systems of ctenophores are vastly different from those of other animals and use...

... declares no competing or financial interests. © 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2015 * Author for correspondence ( moroz@whitney.ufl.edu ) Ctenophora Neurons Phylogeny Pleurobrachia Mnemiopsis Genome Neurotransmitters Evolution Our understanding...

... of mammalian . We used both conventional and phylogenetically informed allometric regression models to analyze of 77 ‘species’ (including subspecies or separate populations within species) in relation to body size, phylogeny, diet and measurement method. Both body mass and allometrically mass-corrected showed...

... interests declared. 31 7 2013 19 8 2013 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 fish cardiac control pacemaker real-time reverse transcriptase PCR anoxia HCN channel phylogeny The regular vertebrate heartbeat requires no external input and is initiated...

... of the manuscript, and carried out molecular experiments and phylogenetic analysis. COMPETING INTERESTS No competing interests declared. 4 2 2013 28 7 2013 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 behavioural test gene expression eyes phylogeny vision opsins...

... for arthropod phylogeny . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA   82 , 3721 - 3725 . Markl   J. , Decker   H. ( 1992 ). Molecular structure of the arthropod hemocyanins . Adv. Comp. Environ. Physiol.   13 , 325 - 376 . Markl   J. , Moeller   A. , Martin   A. G. , Rheinbay   J...

..., USA * Author for correspondence ( bruce.jayne@uc.edu ) 25 3 2011 © 2011. 2011 arboreal locomotion performance kinematics Boa constrictor Pantherophis guttatus phylogeny concertina locomotion lateral undulation gait posture prehension Arboreal habitats...

... for correspondence ( porter@umbc.edu ) 26 7 2010 © 2010. 2010 Stomatopoda visual complexity filters physiology eye evolution phylogeny character reconstruction The stomatopod crustaceans, or mantis shrimps, are among the most charismatic of animals. While these marine creatures have...

... as reported in some tetrapods. acoustic communication courtship functional morphology ontogeny phylogeny sound production swimbladder vocalization Of the many species of fishes that are known to acoustically communicate,perhaps the group most intensively studied and best understood...

... skeleton morphology allometry Felidae cat evolution phylogeny Limb posture is an important attribute of animal body plans because it influences the patterns of movements and muscle activity that can contribute to propulsion, and it affects the loading of the appendicular bones (reviewed...

.... Despite their potential utility, no explicit, phylogeny-based, broad-scale comparative studies of the evolution of gas exchange in insects have been undertaken. This may be due partly to the preponderance of information for the endopterygotes, and its scarcity for the apterygotes and exopterygotes. Here...

.... Pregill), pp. 15 -98. Stanford:Stanford University Press. Etheridge, R. and de Queiroz, K. ( 1988 ). A phylogeny of Iguanidae. In Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families (ed. R. Estes and G. Pregill), pp. 283 -367. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Felsenstein, J. ( 1985...

... with phylogenetically based statistical methods, and of comparative approaches in general, both practical and theoretical. It is our personal opinion that the incorporation of phylogeny information into comparative studies has been highly beneficial, not only because it can improve the reliability of statistical...

... ) * These authors contributed equally to this work 31 3 2005 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 Panagrolaimus nematode anhydrobiosis desiccation trehalose phylogeny rDNA ITS rDNA D3 Many organisms from diverse taxonomic groups possess the ability to survive extreme...

... The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 e-mail: kennagy@biology.ucla.edu allometry bird doubly labeled water ectothermy endothermy energetics eutherian FMR mammal metatherian phylogeny reptile scaling coefficient Perhaps the most essential resource needed by animals from...

.... Ennion, S., Wilkes, D., Gauvry, L., Alami-Durante, H. and Goldspink, G. ( 1999 ). Identification and expression analysis of two developmentally regulated myosin heavy chain gene transcripts in carp( Cyprinus carpio ). J. Exp. Biol. 202 , 1081 -1090. Felsenstein, J. ( 1995 ). PHYLIP(Phylogeny...

..., O; Miocene, M;Pliocene, P. (B) Phylogeny for the Sardini and Thunnini based on the earliest known occurrences of fossil remains (orange circles) of two extant Sardini genera ( G, Gymnosarda ; S, Sarda ) and extant tuna genera( A, Auxis ; E / K, Euthynnus or Katsuwonus ; T, Thunnus ). (Note...

... crest, which is known to have high morphogenetic potential. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: krasnov@uku.fi ) 28 6 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2004 2004 14-3-3 proteins rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss duplicated genes phylogeny expression...

... max ) would be negatively related to body size,and that both body size and size-corrected FN max would show phylogenetic signal (tendency for related species to resemble each other). Finally, we estimated ancestral values for body size and FN max . A molecular phylogeny was constructed using 12S...