... the breeding cycle in the three-spined stickleback may be the reason for varying estimates of sexual brain size dimorphism across studies of this species. Brain anatomy Courtship behaviour Paternal care Phenotypic plasticity Sexual dimorphism Gasterosteus aculeatus The evolution of brain...

... between non-reproductive males and fathers. Anxiety Body composition Fatherhood Metabolism Paternal care Reproduction Female mammals undergo changes in physiology, morphology and emotionality as a result of becoming mothers ( Slattery and Neumann, 2008 ; Speakman, 2008 ; Woodside et...

... results highlight a potential limitation to brooding within the pouch and dismiss the notion of closed brood pouches as well-oxygenated structures promoting the evolution of larger eggs in syngnathids. Second, we provide direct evidence that paternal care improves with male size in this species...

...M. Clara P. Amorim; Ana Nunes da Ponte; Manuel Caiano; Silvia S. Pedroso; Ricardo Pereira; Paulo J. Fonseca SUMMARY We tested the hypothesis that females of a small vocal marine fish with exclusive paternal care, the painted goby, prefer high parental-quality mates such as large or high-condition...