...–posterior phase delays. Motor control Pain Strike behavior Soft bodied Neuromechanics In articulated animals with stiff skeletons, movement is produced by muscles working antagonistically around joints to produce directionally constrained motions, and structural levers to allow...

... of acute stress preceding a painful event can have an analgesic effect whereas the presence of chronic stress can result in hyperalgesia. While considerable research has been conducted on the ability of stress to modulate mammalian responses to pain, relatively little is known about fish...

... be ameliorated by using analgesics. Therefore, adopting larval zebrafish could represent a direct replacement of a protected adult fish with a non-protected form in pain- and nociception-related research. References Ashley , P. J. , Sneddon , L. U. and McCrohan , C. R. ( 2007 ). Nociception...

...Barry Magee; Robert W. Elwood SUMMARY Nociception allows for immediate reflex withdrawal whereas pain allows for longer-term protection via rapid learning. We examine here whether shore crabs placed within a brightly lit chamber learn to avoid one of two dark shelters when that shelter consistently...

... 2011 5 4 2012 © 2012. 2012 Decapoda Hemigrapsus sanguineus nitric oxide synthase NADPH-diaphorase pain brain thoracic ganglion The free radical gas nitric oxide (NO) has been recently identified as a neuronal messenger that performs diverse signaling functions...

.... , Whitehorne I. ( 2006 ). Signaling to the enemy? Body pattern expression and its response to external cues during hunting in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Cephalopoda) . Biol. Bull. 210 , 192 - 200 . Appel M. , Elwood R. W. ( 2009 ). Motivational trade-offs and potential pain...

... responded to MA and CAP, with some neurons responding to both compounds. The somatosensory systems of birds and mammals are superficially similar but differ in their response to some chemical irritants. First, many of the same endogenous compounds (e.g. bradykinin, histamine and serotonin) elicit pain...