... exposure, they initiated motility concomitantly with a decrease in increased intracellular Ca 2+ ( Fig. 4A,F ). These results suggest that not only the increase in Ca 2+ by hyper-osmotic shock but also the subsequent decrease of intracellular Ca 2+ are required for motility initiation. It is reported...

... Hirudo medicinalis osmotic shock Retzius neuron chloride channel volume regulation Animal cells are limited by a water-permeable membrane that cannot sustain hydrostatic pressure ( Lang et al.,1998 ; Macknight et al.,1994 ). Consequently, the osmotic balance between the cytosol...