... and muscle force, stiffness and viscosity. For example, Hanassy et al. (2015) used the model of Yekutieli et al. (2005a , b , 2007 ) to examine which neural control strategies can account for the generation of arm elongation. However, this model required unrealistically high ratios of transverse...

... with level walking. Our findings provide further evidence that the central nervous system flexibly uses a consistent set of neural control elements with a flexible temporal recruitment and modifications of the relative muscle weightings within each element to provide stable locomotion under varying...

... are neurally controlled, but nothing is known about the iridescence circuit, or the environmental cues, that elicit iridescence expression. To tackle this knowledge gap, we performed denervation, electrical stimulation and behavioral experiments using the long-fin squid, Doryteuthis pealeii . We show...

... are controlled to achieve stationary sensory goals. But in the interest of identifying neural control algorithms, it is sometimes useful to isolate the task-level states from the ‘artifacts’ that can be introduced by such cyclic motor dynamics. Locomotor dynamics often obscure the task-level states...

.... As seen, our experimental results bear out this prediction. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: ncowan@jhu.edu ) 9 2 2006 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2006 2006 biomechanics locomotion neural control dynamics insect cockroach Periplaneta americana...

... temporarily adopt the Kármán gait with no axial muscle activity, revealing paradoxically that at times fish can passively move against turbulent flow. To Kármán gait for prolonged periods, however, trout must adapt to the demands of turbulence by eliciting a shift in neural control strategy. By decoupling...

.... The wide range of motor pattern modulations between different postures in alligators suggests considerable independence of neural control among the muscles of the alligator hindlimb. Four of the alligator thigh muscles we examined show major EMG bursts during swing phase ( Fig. 3 ). ILFEM...

... for correspondence at present address: Harvard School of Public Health,665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA 25 6 2002 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 2002 cockroach Blaberus discoidalis locomotion mechanics perturbation stability neural control Many-legged animals...

..., MA 01730, USA (e-mail: aahn@oeb.harvard.edu ) 16 11 2001 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 2002 muscle electromyography work loop neural control locomotion biomechanics insect arthropod Blaberus discoidalis cockroach. By measuring muscle length changes...

... remained significantly faster than heart rate during cooling at any T b following injection of atropine and sotalol. Nonetheless, there was an autonomic response to heat, and the influence of both the cholinergic and β-adrenergic neural control systems on heart rate had a significant effect on rates...

... rate neuropeptides TPeps molluscs Tritonia diomedea neural control Despite the ubiquity and fundamental importance of ciliated cells in animals, little is known of the underlying neural and endocrine mechanisms that regulate their activity. There is evidence that the neurotransmitter...

... ©The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 Bombus occidentalis bumblebee buzz carpenter bee flight muscle neural control sonication Xylocopa californica Xylocopa varipuncta The large indirect flight muscles of bees are used to produce a variety of actions in addition...

... that are active in the hemolymph of Sarcophaga ( Žďárek, 1985 ) were ineffective in Glossina . It is this hormonal input that appears to be missing in tsetse and is replaced by a system of neural control. How widespread this reliance on the nervous system may be is unknown, but the scattered reports...

..., as has been proposed previously. J. exp. Biol. 159. 419-431 (1991) 4 1 9 Primed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1991 NEURAL CONTROL OF FIBRILLAR MUSCLES IN BEES DURING SHIVERING AND FLIGHT BY HARALD ESCH AND FRANZ GOLLER Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame...

... antagonistic functions, are distinguished from specific inhibitors, which have a single target muscle. Specific inhibitors are absent in insects. locust walking neural control common inhibitory neurones walking preparation © 1990 by Company of Biologists 1990 09 04 1990...

... by anaesthetics. The acetylcholine antagonist tubocurarine chloride elicited evisceration, suggesting that evisceration may involve inhibition of cholinergic transmission. Evisceration and autotomy appear to be neurally controlled and the presence of an endogenous EF suggests neurosecretory or hormonal activity...

...V. R. Edgerton; T. P. Martin; S. C. Bodine; R. R. Roy ABSTRACT Since this classic report, there have been numerous studies which have essentially verified these initial findings. Many of the subsequent papers have addressed two major questions regarding the phenomenon of neural control of muscle...

... and is transferred to the female during copulation. * Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada VSA 1S6. 17 10 1983 © 1984 by Company of Biologists 1984 Ticks neural control salivary glands Female ixodid ticks (Acari...