... 19 2 2013 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 muscle architecture biomechanics simulation musculoskeletal model human gait plantarflexors The dependence of muscle force on the length and velocity of muscle fibers has long been established ( Bahler et al...

... of the limb. musculoskeletal model postural control simulation The maintenance of standing posture involves neural mechanisms spanning cortex to spinal cord, mechanical properties of muscles, and anatomical arrangement of muscles and joints to balance forces and moments about the center of mass...

... musculotendon work, and that external and internal work should not be used as an estimation of musculotendon work. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 9 12 2008 2009 gait musculotendon work musculoskeletal model simulation Muscle mechanical work...

...William J. Kargo; Lawrence C. Rome SUMMARY Musculoskeletal models have become important tools in understanding motor control issues ranging from how muscles power movement to how sensory feedback supports movements. In the present study, we developed the initial musculotendon subsystem...

... 01 2001 © 2001 by Company of Biologists 2001 musculoskeletal model optimal control muscle functioning jump performance contractile element series elastic element strain human The musculoskeletal system is an extremely complex structure with many levels of organization...