..., 2004 ; Doumen and Ellington, 1989 ). Thus, the heart mitochondria of marine mollusks and horseshoe crabs have limited capacity to oxidize fatty acids and largely depend on proline (mollusks) or carbohydrate (horseshoe crabs) oxidation ( Ballantyne, 2004 ; Doumen and Ellington, 1989 ). Molluscan...

... © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 ocean acidification salinity estuary standard metabolic rate biomineralization shell properties mollusks Current models of global change predict a rise in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels from the current value...

..., including mollusks. In estuaries, exposure to elevated CO 2 levels often co-occurs with other stressors, such as reduced salinity, which enhances the acidification trend, affects ion and acid–base regulation of estuarine calcifiers and modifies their response to ocean acidification. We studied...

... -306. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 21 5 2009 2009 mollusks cold hardiness indirect chilling injury supercooling point glucose glycerol Low temperature during winter causes serious injuries to invertebrates inhabiting cold to temperate...