... agonistic behaviour: the dopamine system is downstream of octopamine for inhibition, whereas its facilitating effect is due to activation of mutual parallel pathways with serotonin. Social status Serotonin Octopamine Modulation Interplay of biogenic amines Biogenic amines can modulate...

... to employ asymmetrical, shearing jaw motions to break down its prey. We found that P. motoro modulates its feeding kinematics to produce two distinct types of chew cycles: compressive cycles and overbite cycles. The latter are characterized by over-rotation of the upper jaw relative to the lower jaw, past...

...Allen F. Mensinger; Jacey C. Van Wert; Loranzie S. Rogers ABSTRACT A longstanding question in aquatic animal sensory physiology is the impact of self-generated movement on lateral line sensitivity. One hypothesis is that efferent modulation of the sensory hair cells cancels self-generated noise...

... different nutritional statuses and stimulants. Furthermore, direct evidence confirms that IGF-1 can induce SOCS-2 transcription. Nile tilapia Insulin-like growth factor Suppressor of cytokine signaling Modulation Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has extensive functions...

...Gáspár Jékely; Sarah Melzer; Isabel Beets; Ilona C. Grunwald Kadow; Joris Koene; Sara Haddad; Lindy Holden-Dye ABSTRACT Neuropeptides are the most diverse class of chemical modulators in nervous systems. They contribute to extensive modulation of circuit activity and have profound influences...

... activation and termination of pheromone-induced activity . PLoS Genet.   10 , e1004600 . 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004600 Mukunda , L. , Miazzi , F. , Kaltofen , S. , Hansson , B. S. and Wicher , D. ( 2014 ). Calmodulin modulates insect odorant receptor function . Cell...

.... For mosquitoes, CO 2 is an important cue that signifies the presence of a host, and which elicits activation and attraction. To investigate the genetic basis of olfactory modulation in mosquitoes, we assayed changes in CO 2 detection from receptor gene expression through physiological function to behaviour...

... previously assumed. Second, differences in ventilation between the two anterior air sacs emerged during calling and wing flapping, indicating that adjustments in the flow pattern occur during dynamic behaviors. It is unclear whether this modulation in ventilation pattern is passive or active. This technique...

...Teerawat Wiwatpanit; Brian Powers; Patsy S. Dickinson SUMMARY Although the global effects of many modulators on pattern generators are relatively consistent among preparations, modulators can induce different alterations in different preparations. We examined the mechanisms that underlie...

...Charlotte R. Morris; Graham N. Askew SUMMARY In order to meet the varying demands of flight, pectoralis muscle power output must be modulated. In birds with pectoralis muscles with a homogeneous fibre type composition, power output can be modulated at the level of the motor unit ( via changes...

... the properties of the skin impulse. Given that NO appears to be produced and released by a proportion of skin cells and is capable of modulating skin physiology, what might be the role of this phenomenon for the hatchling tadpole? One possibility is that the NO alters the properties of the skin pathway...

...David J. Ellerby; Graham N. Askew SUMMARY Flight power varies in a U-shaped relationship with flight speed, requiring the modulation of flight muscle power in order to meet these changing power demands. The power output of the pectoralis muscle can potentially be modulated by changing strain...

...David J. Ellerby; Graham N. Askew SUMMARY The pectoralis muscles are the main source of mechanical power for avian flight. The power output of these muscles must be modulated to meet the changing power requirements of flight across a range of speeds. This can be achieved at the muscle level...

...Jennifer E. Bestman; Ronald Booker SUMMARY In the moth, Manduca sexta , anterior foregut motility is modulated during the larval–larval molts in order to control the timing of molting fluid (MF) ingestion. MF is the enzymatic mixture that destroys the outer cuticle so that it can be shed at the end...

... ) 22 11 2005 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2006 2006 Idotea emarginata neuropeptide modulation cAMP cGMP PKC PKA Neuropeptides are endogenous signalling molecules with complex effects on sensory integration and motor behavior. The myotropic pentapeptide proctolin...

... and the tongue skeleton leaves the body of the salamander entirely. We investigated an aspect of the motor control of this remarkable behavior by examining electromyographic patterns within different regions of the tongue-projector muscle, the subarcualis rectus (SAR). SAR activation is strongly modulated...

.... The wide range of motor pattern modulations between different postures in alligators suggests considerable independence of neural control among the muscles of the alligator hindlimb. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 27 8 2003 © The Company of Biologists Limited...

... mechanism. These results, in combination with previous histological studies indicating the endogenous presence of nitric oxide synthase, suggest that NO is used in the central nervous system of Melibe leonina to modulate swimming. Fig. 4. Effects of 8-bromoguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br...

... fontinalis showed no variation in raking behavior, indicating that raking is highly stereotyped. In contrast, when feeding on worms, Salvelinus fontinalis modulated open-mouth chewing behavior with shorter durations to maximum displacement (at least 20 ms shorter than for either fish or cricket), although...

.... The sensitivity of phototransduction can be altered by exposing the cells to light, through adaptation processes intrinsic to photoreceptors. Intracellular Ca 2+ is a major signal in light adaptation and, in conjunction with Ca 2+ -binding proteins, one of its targets for modulation is the CNG channel itself...