... determine form and function. Energetics Locomotion Modelling Musculoskeletal Phylogenetics Speed Small and large animals are fundamentally different. Their variation in size is linked to changes in body shape, physiology and locomotor biomechanics. For example, small mammals are crouched...

... journeys made by wild plains zebra ( Equus quagga ) through a naturally vegetated environment to explore whether they consistently follow the same route through the area or whether they use a range of routes to reach their goal. We used a model to distinguish and quantify these two possibilities and show...

... to three Caribbean corals ( Orbicella faveolata , Porites astreoides and Siderastrea radians ) and showed that these species have similar iCA activities per unit surface area, but that S. radians has ∼10-fold higher iCA activity per unit tissue volume. A model of coral C i processing shows...

... complex multimodal orientation of migratory passerines tested in orientation cages irrespective of species studied. The currently applied circular statistical methods fail to describe orientation responses differing from unimodal and axial distributions. We propose for the first time a modelling procedure...

... deg s −1 . We found that head roll stabilization is best outdoors, but completely absent in uniform visual conditions and in darkness. Step responses confirm that compensatory head roll movements are purely visually driven. Modelling step responses indicates that head roll stabilization is achieved...

... if the odour source is situated close to it. We implement a model of visuomotor control consisting of three parallel subsystems: an optomotor response stabilising the model fly's yaw orientation; a collision avoidance system to saccade away from looming obstacles; and a speed regulation system. This model...

.... The corresponding maximum swimming speed( U max ), optimal swimming speed ( U opt ),active (AMR) and standard (SMR) metabolic rates as well as aerobic metabolic scope (MS) were calculated. Using simple mathematical functions, these parameters were modelled as a function of water temperature and swimming speed. Both...

...William J. Kargo; Frank Nelson; Lawrence C. Rome SUMMARY Comparative musculoskeletal modeling represents a tool to understand better how motor system parameters are fine-tuned for specific behaviors. Frog jumping is a behavior in which the physical properties of the body and musculotendon actuators...

... approaching prey is mathematically modeled. The voltages that develop simultaneously in dozens of separate sensing organs are calculated using electrodynamics. These voltages lead directly to firing rate modifications in the primary afferent nerves. The canals connecting the sense organs to an elasmobranch's...

... independently in only a limited number of highly specialised groups. In this study, we investigated cranial kinesis in one of the most specialised of these groups: geckoes. On the basis of cineradiographic and electromyographic data, the fast opening and the slow closing/power stroke phases were modelled...

... schemes. We propose a model circuit that provides a combination of negative and positive feedback control mechanisms to resolve the apparent discrepancies between our results and those of previous studies. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 20 1...

...Lara A. Ferry-Graham ABSTRACT A simple two-pump model has served to describe the mechanics of ventilation in cartilaginous and bony fishes since the pioneering work of G. M. Hughes. A hallmark of this model is that water flow over the gills is continuous. Studies of feeding kinematics...

...Peter G. Arthur; Timothy G. West; Peter W. Hochachka ABSTRACT A model is presented that provides guidelines to the identification of key experimental variables influencing proton balance and intracellular pH in vertebrate white muscle. We have drawn on data from the literature on rainbow trout...

.... 13 10 1989 © 1990 by Company of Biologists 1990 directional hearing thresholds behaviour modelling trout The auditory system of bony fishes is a unique development in hearing. Without a cochlea, but with three otolith systems – lagena, sacculus and utriculus...