... whole-body metabolic rate (W=J s −1 ) B,max whole-body metabolic rate at V̇ O 2 ,max (W) B,rest whole-body metabolic rate at V̇ O 2 ,rest (W) LV,ext left ventricular external mechanical work rate (W) LV,ext / B fractional mechanical cost of systemic...

... on living tissue. Therefore, in this study we conducted in situ work-loop experiments on rat plantaris muscle to determine the effects of increasing the mass of muscle on mechanical work during cyclic contractions. We additionally simulated these experimental contractions using a mass-enhanced Hill-type...

... Impulse Mechanical work Hip Knee Ankle Much of what we know about lower-limb joint mechanics during locomotion in animals and humans has been gleaned from experiments involving constant speed and level ground conditions, neither of which requires a net change in the body's forward kinetic...

...Dominic James Farris; Brent James Raiteri ABSTRACT Humans and other cursorial mammals have distal leg muscles with high in-series compliance that aid locomotor economy. This muscle–tendon design is considered sub-optimal for injecting net positive mechanical work. However, humans change speed...

...Brian P. Selgrade; Montakan Thajchayapong; Gloria E. Lee; Megan E. Toney; Young-Hui Chang ABSTRACT Minimizing whole-body metabolic cost has been suggested to drive the neural processes of locomotor adaptation. Mechanical work performed by the legs should dictate the major changes in whole-body...

... musculoskeletal system . Science   265 , 651 - 653 . 10.1126/science.8036513 Cavagna , G. A. and Kaneko , M. ( 1977 ). Mechanical work and efficiency in level walking and running . J. Physiol.   268 , 467 - 481 . 10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011866 Cavagna , G. A. , Saibene , F. P...

.... Mechanical work against the external environment was 0.87 J m −1 kg −1 for DS, 0.70 J m −1 kg −1 for DP and 0.79 J m −1 kg −1 for DK. The work done to overcome frictional forces, which is negligible in walking and running, was 17.8%, 32.3% and 24.8% of external mechanical work for DS, DP and DK, respectively...

... us to better understand the mechanics of primate gaits and shed new light on primate locomotor evolution. © 2012. 2012 locomotion center of mass collision gait mechanical work quadruped lemur Lemur catta During terrestrial locomotion, the center of mass (COM) moves along...

... not only cushion impacts but also appear to perform substantial work. * Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) 9 7 2010 © 2010. 2010 locomotion mechanical work soft tissue walking biomechanics wobbling mass Locomotion is accomplished by performing positive...

... ). Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure . Am. J. Physiol. 233 , R243 - R261 . de Leva P. ( 1996 ). Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov’s segment inertia parameters . J. Biomech. 29 , 1223 - 1230 . DeVita P. , Helseth...

... locomotion gait biomechanics energetics mechanical work Normal human walking is characterized by economical patterns of movement. Not only do individuals generally choose a walking speed that requires the least energy to travel a given distance( Ralston, 1958 ), but over the usual range...

...B. Schepens; G. J. Bastien; N. C. Heglund; P. A. Willems SUMMARY The effect of age and body size on the total mechanical work done during walking is studied in children of 3–12 years of age and in adults. The total mechanical work per stride ( W tot ) is measured as the sum of the external work, W...

... in kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy of the center of mass were nearly exactly in phase. The mass-specific external mechanical work required to travel 1 m (1.5 J kg -1 ) was similar to that for other legged animals. Thus, in spite of marked lateral bending of the trunk, the mechanics...

... in different gaits and speeds, how the muscles function, the work done and the cost of locomotion, and physicians are interested in the description and consequences of pathological gaits. One useful approach in the study of the mechanics of locomotion is the calculation of the mechanical work performed...

... −1 was imposed. Stimulation continued until 100ms after the end of the shortening phase. 24 05 1990 © 1990 by Company of Biologists 1990 prestretch stimulation rat gastrocnemius mechanical work In many complex movements, muscle-tendon complexes undergo...

... a greater rate (alkalosis) or slower rate (acidosis) than that of lactate. 14 01 1986 © 1986 by Company of Biologists 1986 amphibian muscle mechanical work muscle energetics It has been suggested ( Bennett & Licht, 1973 ) that amphibians such as grass frogs, engaging...

... decline in cellular [K + ] occurred in concert with increases in extracellular [K + ], In saline-perfused gastrocnemii of Xenopus , the uptake of vascular water was proportional to the total mechanical work performed. Saline leaving the femoral vein of isotonically contracting gastrocnemius muscles had...