... al., 2020 , 2021 ). Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659 SI841/15-1 2 EXC 2075–390740016 SE 2109/2-1 2 HA 5977/5-1 2 Contractile behaviour Muscle damping Mechanical power Sarcomere Signalling Mechanosensing Blebbistatin Cross...

... climbing was predominantly driven by potential energy, with negligible kinetic contributions). Utilizing power as a means of estimating efficiency, we also demonstrate that Australian green tree frogs show total mechanical power costs only slightly above the minimum mechanical power necessary to climb...

... by folding their wings over the body to adopt a ballistic posture. Calypte anna Maximal lift Mechanical power Vertical climbing Ascending flight is commonly used by volant taxa in a diversity of biological contexts, including chases, escapes and mating behavior. Climbing animals must exert...

...E. F. Hodson-Tole; J. M. Wakeling SUMMARY The ankle extensor muscles of the rat have different mechanical and physiological properties, providing a means of studying how changes in locomotor demands influence muscle fascicle behaviour, force and mechanical power output in different populations...

..., constituting half of the total pectoral girdle muscle mass,was measured in vitro and used to estimate the muscle mechanical power output during maximal labriform swimming ( P mech ;0.15–0.21 W kg –1 body mass). Respirometry was used to estimate the total metabolic power input ( P total ; 0.95 W kg –1 body mass...

..., A. and Rosén, M. ( 2000 ). Horizontal flight of a swallow ( Hirundo rustica )observed in a wind tunnel, with a new method for directly measuring mechanical power. J. Exp. Biol. 203 , 1755 -1765. Pereira, F. and Gharib, M. ( 2002 ). Defocusing digital particle image velocimetry and the three-dimensional...

...Douglas A. Syme; Robert E. Shadwick SUMMARY The mechanical power output of deep, red muscle from skipjack tuna ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) was studied to investigate (i) whether this muscle generates maximum power during cruise swimming, (ii) how the differences in strain experienced by red muscle...

... dioxide production and calculated the mechanical power ( P mech ) from two aerodynamic models using wingbeat kinematics measured by high-speed cinematography. P met increased from 10.4 to 14.9 W as flight speed was increased from 6.3 to 14.4 m s –1 and was compatible with the U -shaped power/speed curve...

... and the rotation of the humerus were estimated and used to analyse the time course of a number of variables, including the work done by the muscles in each wing beat. The average mechanical power turned out to be more than that predicted on the basis of current estimates of body drag coefficient and profile power...

.... * Present address: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA ‡ Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 14 09 1999 22 12 1999 © 2000 by Company of Biologists 2000 muscle function fish swimming scup mechanical power...

... , A. F. ( 1994 ). Modeling red muscle power output during steady and unsteady swimming in largemouth bass . Am. J. Physiol . 267 , R481 – R488 . Josephson , R. K. ( 1985 ). Mechanical power output from striated muscle during cyclic contraction . J. Exp. Biol . 114 , 493 – 512...

... © 1999 by Company of Biologists 1999 avian moult aerodynamics flight mechanical power cost of transport manoeuvrability predation risk Moulting in birds is an energetically costly process (e.g. Payne, 1972 ) because (i) during the moult there is an energy cost of synthesizing...

... (A) and a trot (B) in E. skiltonianus. A single step is shown, beginning when one diagonal limb pair hits the ground and ending when the other diagonal limb pair hits the ground. The data are for the same step as shown in Fig. 3 . biomechanics walking running mechanical work mechanical power...

... but significant effect on mechanical power output. In the green crab Carcinus maenas , the work output of the scaphognathite muscle drops by approximately 20 % when the mean oscillatory length is changed by ±5 % of the optimal length ( Josephson and Stokes, 1989 ). Although the scaphognathite muscle...

... of twitch fibres ( Kuffler and Vaughan Williams, 1953 ; Lännergren, 1975 ). * Address for correspondence. 13 08 1993 © 1993 by Company of Biologists 1993 muscle fish dogfish efficiency mechanical power heat Scyliorhinus canicula The recognition that animals...

... contraction are discussed. * Address for correspondence. 21 6 1993 © 1993 by Company of Biologists 1993 muscle fish dogfish efficiency mechanical power heat Scyliorhinus canicula Efficiency of muscle contraction can be defined as the net work output for each ATP...

... have used to estimate the cost of flight in a neotropical nectar-feeding bat Glossophaga soricina (Phyllostomidae), namely the use of kinematic and morphological data and aerodynamic theory to estimate the mechanical power requirements (power output) for hovering and horizontal forward flight. A hot...

... or negative vertical force. Estimated effective angles of incidence (α T of the wings averaged 39° during the downstroke and −22° during the upstroke; spanwise variation in α T was greater than the average difference between half-strokes. Total mechanical power requirements of forward flight averaged 12.5 W...

...N. A. Curtin; R. C. Woledge ABSTRACT Force and heat production were measured during isovelocity shortening of tetanized white myotomal muscle fibres from the dogfish at 12 °C. For each fibre preparation a range of velocities was used. Mechanical power was calculated from force x velocity...

... increased and then decreased. It was always possible to find a frequency that maximized work output. There also always existed a higher frequency (termed the ‘optimal’ frequency in this paper) that maximized the mechanical power output, which is the product of the cycle frequency (s −1 ) and the work per...