... climbing was predominantly driven by potential energy, with negligible kinetic contributions). Utilizing power as a means of estimating efficiency, we also demonstrate that Australian green tree frogs show total mechanical power costs only slightly above the minimum mechanical power necessary to climb...

... by folding their wings over the body to adopt a ballistic posture. Calypte anna Maximal lift Mechanical power Vertical climbing Ascending flight is commonly used by volant taxa in a diversity of biological contexts, including chases, escapes and mating behavior. Climbing animals must exert...

...E. F. Hodson-Tole; J. M. Wakeling SUMMARY The ankle extensor muscles of the rat have different mechanical and physiological properties, providing a means of studying how changes in locomotor demands influence muscle fascicle behaviour, force and mechanical power output in different populations...

..., constituting half of the total pectoral girdle muscle mass,was measured in vitro and used to estimate the muscle mechanical power output during maximal labriform swimming ( P mech ;0.15–0.21 W kg –1 body mass). Respirometry was used to estimate the total metabolic power input ( P total ; 0.95 W kg –1 body mass...

... measuring mechanical power and efficiency from measured body accelerations and wing kinematics( Pennycuick et al., 2000 ) is generalized and applied to the stickleback data. These measured estimates of power and efficiency are compared to modeled estimates of power and efficiency computed from the blade...

...Douglas A. Syme; Robert E. Shadwick SUMMARY The mechanical power output of deep, red muscle from skipjack tuna ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) was studied to investigate (i) whether this muscle generates maximum power during cruise swimming, (ii) how the differences in strain experienced by red muscle...

... dioxide production and calculated the mechanical power ( P mech ) from two aerodynamic models using wingbeat kinematics measured by high-speed cinematography. P met increased from 10.4 to 14.9 W as flight speed was increased from 6.3 to 14.4 m s –1 and was compatible with the U -shaped power/speed curve...

... Trade and Industry, 1–2 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan 09 10 1998 07 12 1998 © 1999 by Company of Biologists 1999 avian moult aerodynamics flight mechanical power cost of transport manoeuvrability predation risk Moulting in birds is an energetically...

... ©The Company of Biologists Limited 1997 biomechanics walking running mechanical work mechanical power lizard Coleonyx variegatus Eumeces skiltonianus A variety of legged animals, including mammals, birds and arthropods, use two basic patterns of locomotor mechanics...

... to change the resonance mechanics of the thorax. In either case, offsets of this magnitude might have a small but significant effect on mechanical power output. In the green crab Carcinus maenas , the work output of the scaphognathite muscle drops by approximately 20 % when the mean oscillatory length...

.../BF00238013 Huxley , A. F. and Simmons , R. M. ( 1971 ). Proposed mechanism of force generation in striated muscle . Nature 233 , 533 – 538 . 10.1038/233533a0 Josephson , R. K. ( 1985 ). Mechanical power output from striated muscle during cyclic contraction . J. exp...

.... The mechanical power output during a cycle of movement was found by dividing work by the cycle duration. Note that this gives the average mechanical power during one complete cycle of movement, and that this is the net power calculated from the work done by the muscle fibres and any work that may have been done...

... have used to estimate the cost of flight in a neotropical nectar-feeding bat Glossophaga soricina (Phyllostomidae), namely the use of kinematic and morphological data and aerodynamic theory to estimate the mechanical power requirements (power output) for hovering and horizontal forward flight. A hot...

... or negative vertical force. Estimated effective angles of incidence (α T of the wings averaged 39° during the downstroke and −22° during the upstroke; spanwise variation in α T was greater than the average difference between half-strokes. Total mechanical power requirements of forward flight averaged 12.5 W...

...N. A. Curtin; R. C. Woledge ABSTRACT Force and heat production were measured during isovelocity shortening of tetanized white myotomal muscle fibres from the dogfish at 12 °C. For each fibre preparation a range of velocities was used. Mechanical power was calculated from force x velocity...

... increased and then decreased. It was always possible to find a frequency that maximized work output. There also always existed a higher frequency (termed the ‘optimal’ frequency in this paper) that maximized the mechanical power output, which is the product of the cycle frequency (s −1 ) and the work per...

.... Activating the muscles with brief, tetanizing bursts increases the duration of muscle activity and the mechanical power output per wing cycle above that obtainable with single twitch contractions of the muscle. The mechanical power output was determined for mesothoracic Tcxl muscles undergoing sinusoidal...