... skeletons to determine their mechanical advantage (MA) and displacement advantage (DA). These models apply to a variety of biological structures, but we explicitly consider the tube feet of a sea star and the body segments of an earthworm, and contrast them with a hydraulic press and a McKibben actuator...

... of winning in battles. The fact that this also decreases the mechanical advantage is largely compensated for by elongated in-levers. As a result, high muscle forces are correlated with elevated bite forces (0.27–7.6 N; factor of 28). Despite the large difference in the forcefulness of their bite, all...

... rabbits, cats and capuchin monkeys,have identified growth-related changes in anatomy, such as negative allometry of limb muscle mechanical advantage, which should theoretically permit young mammals to overcome such ontogenetic limits on performance. However, it is important to evaluate the potential...

... excursion increased by only 20%(41.22±3.41°, level, vs 49.22±2.35°, 12°incline). The increase in hip muscle moment and power was associated with a poorer mechanical advantage for producing force against the ground. The increase in hip moment with running incline allows for the production of the power...

... of constant-speed running and may be important to integrated limb function. * e-mail: [email protected] 10 09 1998 10 11 1998 Copyright © 1998 The Company of Biologists Ltd. 1998 mechanical advantage gear ratio locomotion muscle muscle performance...