...Yukihisa Kogure; Katsufumi Sato; Yutaka Watanuki; Sarah Wanless; Francis Daunt ABSTRACT Aerodynamics results in two characteristic speeds of flying birds: the minimum power speed and the maximum range speed. The minimum power speed requires the lowest rate of energy expenditure per unit time...

.... * Author for correspondence (e-mail: dalford@duke.edu ) 8 11 2005 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2006 2006 design in nature animal locomotion optimality theory optimal speed maximum range speed optimal frequency stride frequency wing beat frequency Strouhal number force...

... changes in body mass as predicted by aerodynamic theory for V mp and V mr . The set point in flight speed regulation, however, was influenced by multiple additional variables. flight speed body mass foraging minimum power speed maximum range speed aerodynamics Glossophaga soricina...