... ways. (1) Three groups of bees are each trained with a different pair of convex shapes, one positive (rewarding), the other not (negative), producing colour contrast, luminance contrast or motion contrast against the background. The trained bees are then offered a choice between pairs of stimuli whose...

... with both species. In the first, solid black shapes were presented against a white background, thus providing a high luminance contrast. In the second, the shapes carried a random black-and-white pattern and were presented 5 cm in front of a similar pattern, thus producing motion contrast, rather than...